Die posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ist bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eine Störung mit chronischem Verlauf und hoher Komorbidität. Obwohl die langfristig schwerwiegenden Gesundheitskonsequenzen eine frühzeitige Therapie erfordern, werden viele Kinder aber entweder zu spät oder falsch behandelt.
Literatur
Arbeitsgruppe Deutsche Child Behavior Checklist (2000). Elternfragebogen für Klein- und Vorschulkinder (CBCL/ 1 1/2–5). Köln: Arbeitsgruppe Kinder-, Jugend- und Familiendiagnostik (KJFD).
Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health (2007). Australian Guidelines for the Treatment of Adults with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. ACPMH, Melbourne, Victoria.
Cloitre, M., Koenen, K. C., Cohen, L. R. & Han, H. (2002). Skills training in affective and interpersonal regulation followed by exposure: A phase-based treatment for PTSD related to childhood abuse. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 1067–1074.
Cohen, J. A., Bukstein, O., Walter, H., Benson, H. R., Chrisman, A., Farchione, T. R., et al. (2010). Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 414–430.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. & Deblinger, E. (2006). Treating trauma and traumatic grief. New York: Guilford.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. & Deblinger, E. (2009). Traumafokussierte Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Heidelberg: Springer.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P. & Knudsen, K. (2005). Treating sexually abused children: 1 year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 135–145.
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Perel, J. M. & Staron, V. (2007). A pilot randomized controlled trial of combined trauma-focused CBT and sertraline for childhood PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 811–819.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A. & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577–584.
Deblinger, E., Heflin, A. H. & Clark, M. (1997). The treatment of sexually abused children. In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 3, 69–88.
Deblinger, E., Steer, R. A. & Lippmann, J. (1999). Two-year follow-up study of cognitive and behavioural therapy for sexually abused children suffering post-traumatic stress symptoms. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 1271–1378.
Ehlers, A. & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 38, 319–345.
Eisen, M. L., Goodman, G. S., Qin, J., Davis, S., & Crayton, J. (2007). Maltreated children's memory: Accuracy, suggestibility, and psychopathology. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1275–1294.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J. & Petermann, F. (1999). Häufigkeit der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei Jugendlichen: Ergebnisse der Bremer Jugendstudie. Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 27, 37–45.
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V. et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245–258.
Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K. & Cohen, E. (1995). Traumas and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1369–1380.
Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Foa, E. B., Shafran, N., Aderka, I. M., Powers, M. B., Rachamin, L. et al. (2010). Prolonged Exposure Versus Dynamic Therapy for Adolescent PTSD: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Academy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 1034–1042.
Harvey, S. T. & Taylor, J. E. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effects of psychotherapy with sexually abused children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 517–535.
Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M. & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048–1060.
King, N. J., Tonge, B. J., Mullen, P., Myerson, N., Heyne, D., Rollings, S. et al. (2000). Treating sexually abused children with posttraumatic stress symptoms: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1347–1355.
König, J., Resick, P., Karl, R. & Rosner, R. (2012). German Adaption of Cognitive Processing Therapy. A treatment manual. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Korol, M., Green, B. L. & Gleser, G. C. (1999). Children's responses to a nuclear waste disaster: PTSD symptoms and outcome prediction. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 368–375.
Kowalik, J., Weller, J., Venter, J. & Drachman, D. (2011). Cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of pediatric posttraumatic stress disorder: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42, 405–413.
Landolt, M., Schnyder, U., Maier, T., Schönbucher, V., Mohler-Kuo, M. (im Druck). Trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents: a national survey in Switzerland. Journal of Traumatic Stress.
Linehan, M. (1993). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
Matulis, S., Resick, P., Korst, A.-M. & Steil, R. (2012). Developmentally adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy. Manuscript in preparation, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main.
Matulis, S., Resick, P., Rosner, R. & Steil, R. Effectiveness of a developmentally adapted Cognitive Processing Therapy for adolescents. In Vorbereitung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main.
Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H. & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York: Guilford Press.
Nader, K. (1997). Assessing traumatic experiences in children. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing Psychological Trauma and PTSD (pp. 291–439). New York: Guilford.
Nixon, R., Sterk, J. & Pearce, A. (2012). A randomized trial of cognitive behaviour therapy and cognitive therapy for children with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder following single-incident trauma. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 327–337.
Perkonigg, A., Kessler, R. C., Storz, S., Wittchen, H.-U. (2000). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: prevalence, risk factors and comorbidity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 101, 46–59.
Perrin, S., Smith, P. & Yule, W. (2000). Practitioner Review: The assessment and treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 277–289.
Pillemer, D. B. (1998). What is remembered about early childhood events? Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 895–913.
Resick, P. A., Monson, C. M. & Chard, K. M. (2008). Cognitive processing therapy: Veteran/military version. Washington, DC: Department of Veterans' Affairs.
Robb, A. S., Cueva, J. E., Sporn, J., Yang, R. & Vanderburg, D. G. (2010). Sertraline treatment of children and adolescents with posttraumatic stress disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology, 20, 463–471.
Robert, R., Tcheung, W. J., Rosenberg, L., Rosenberg, M., Mitchell, C., Villarreal, C., Thomas, C., Holzer, C., Meyer, W. J. (2008). Treating thermally injured children suffering symptoms of acute stress with imipramine and fluoxetine: a randomized, double-blind study. Burns, 34(7): 919–928.
Rodenburg, R., Benjamin, A., de Roos, C., Meijer, A. M. & Stams, G. J. (2009). Efficacy of EMDR in children: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 599–606.
Rolfsnes, E. S. & Idsoe, T. (2011). School-based intervention programs for PTSD symptoms: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 155–165.
de Roos, C., Greenwald, R., den Hollander-Gijsman, M., Noorthoorn, E., van Buuren, S. & de Jongh, A. (2011). A randomised comparison of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) in disaster-exposed children. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 2.
Rosner, R. & Powell, S. (2007). Überschätzt die ICD-10 die PTBS-Prävalenz? Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher Diagnosekriterien auf Diagnoseraten der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung nach Kriegstraumatisierung. Trauma und Gewalt, 1, 46–52.
Rosner, R., Arnold, J., Groh, E.-M. & Hagl, M. (2012). Predicting PTSD from the Child Behavior Checklist: Data from a field study with children and adolescents in foster care. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 1689–1694.
Rosner, R. & Steil, R. (2009). Ratgeber Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Sack, W. H., McSharry, S., Clarke, G. N., Kinney, R., Seeley, J. & Lewinsohn, P. (1994). The Khmer Adolescent Project. I. Epidemiologic findings in two generations of Cambodian refugees. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 387–395.
Salmon, K. & Bryant, R. A. (2002). Posttraumatic stress disorder in children. The influence of developmental factors. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 163–188.
Scheeringa, M, Wright, M. J., Hunt, J. P. & Zeanah, C. H. (2006). Factors affecting the diagnosis and prediction of PTSD symptomatology in children and adolescents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 644–651.
Scheeringa, M.S., Weems,C.F.,. Cohen, J.A. Jackson, L.-A., & Guthrie, D. (2010). Trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in three through six year-old children: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02354.x.
Smith, P., Yule, W., Perrin, S., Tranah, T., Dalgleish, T. & Clark, D.M. (2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for PTSD in Children and Adolescents: A preliminary Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 1051–1061.
Steil, R., Dyer, A., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N. & Bohus, M. (2011). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Childhood Sexual Abuse: A Pilot Study of an Intensive Residential Treatment Program. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 24, 102–106.
Steil, R. & Füchsel, G. (2006). Interviews zu Belastungsstörungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen (IBS-KJ). Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Steil, R. & Rosner, R. (2009). Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung. Göttingen: Hogrefe.
Steinberg, A. M., Brymer, M. J., Decker, K. B. & Pynoos, R. S. (2004). The University of California at Los Angeles Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6, 96–100.
Steiner, H., Saxena, K., Carrion, V., Khanzode, L., Silverman, M. & Chang, K. (2007). Divalproex Sodium for the Treatment of PTSD and Conduct Disordered Youth: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 38, 183–193.
Thornton, L. (2000). The assessment of posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents. In K. N. Dwivedi (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents (pp. 113–130). London: Whurr.
Trask, E. V., Walsh, K. & DiLillo, D. (2011). Treatment effects for common outcomes of child sexual abuse: A current meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 6–19.
Trowell, J., Kolvin, I., Weeramanthri, T., Sadowski, H., Berelowitz, M., Glasser, D.et al. (2002). Psychotherapy for sexually abused girls: psychopathological outcome findings and patterns of change. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 234–247.
WHO (World Health Organization) (1991). Tenth Revision of the International Classification of Diseases, Chapter V (F): Mental and Behavioral Disorders. Genf.
Yule, W., Bolton, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., O'Ryan, D. & Nurrish, J. (2000). The long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 503–511.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Interessenkonflikt
Die Autoren erklären, dass bei der Erstellung des Beitrags kein Interessenkonflikt vorlag.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rosner, R., Steil, R. Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung häufig mit chronischem Verlauf. Pädiatrie 26, 327–335 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15014-014-0482-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15014-014-0482-5