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Bedside risk prediction for positive follow-up blood culture in Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia: for whom is follow-up blood culture useful?

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Abstract

Purpose

The value of follow-up blood culture (FUBC) in Gram-negative bacteremia (GNB) management is controversial. We evaluated bedside risk predictors and their probabilities of yielding positive FUBCs in GNB.

Methods

All adult patients with GNB in a 2700-bed tertiary center were retrospectively enrolled between January 2019 and December 2019. Only one initial GNB episode was included per patient. Positive FUBC was defined as isolation of the same organism in blood culture 48–72 h after the initial blood culture.

Results

A total of 2216 patients with GNB were identified, of whom 34.4% underwent FUBC. Of the 645 patients with FUBCs analyzed in the study, 89 (13.8%) had positive FUBCs. In multivariate analysis, hemodialysis [adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 2.6], fever on the day of FUBCs (aOR 3.6), intravascular device (aOR 2.4), no use of in vitro active antibiotic within 24 h (aOR 2.5), non-fermenting bacteria (aOR 4.7), and multidrug resistance (aOR 5.4) were independent risk factors for positive FUBCs. If microbiological results were excluded in multivariate analysis, hemodialysis, immunosuppressive treatment, fever on the day of FUBCs, and intravascular device were independent bedside risk predictors for positive FUBCs. The yield of FUBCs increased from 3.0% (95% CI 1.0–7.0) to 63.6% (95% CI 25.6–100) as the number of bedside risk predictors increased from 0 to 4. In addition, positive FUBCs were significantly associated with 30 day mortality.

Conclusions

FUBCs may not need to be routinely used for patients with GNB bacteremia, and bedside risk predictors could be helpful in identifying patients for whom FUBC is likely to be useful.

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Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

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Funding

This study was supported by a grant (grant number: 2021IL0042) from the Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro-43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea

    Haein Kim, Hyeonji Seo, Hyemin Chung, Sunghee Park, Seongman Bae, Jiwon Jung, Min Jae Kim, Sung-Han Kim, Sang-Oh Lee, Sang-Ho Choi, Yang Soo Kim & Yong Pil Chong

  2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

    Heungsup Sung & Mi-Na Kim

Authors
  1. Haein Kim
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  2. Hyeonji Seo
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  3. Hyemin Chung
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  4. Sunghee Park
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  9. Min Jae Kim
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  10. Sung-Han Kim
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  13. Yang Soo Kim
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  14. Yong Pil Chong
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Contributions

Conceptualization: HK and YPC. Methodology: HK and YPC. Data curation: HK, HS, HC, and SP. Software, formal analysis: HK. Writing—original draft: HK. Writing—review and editing: YPC. Supervision: HS, M-NK, SB, JJ, MJK, S-HK, S-OL, S-HC, and YSK. Funding acquisition: YPC.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yong Pil Chong.

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Conflict of interest

None of the authors report conflicts of interest. All the authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest.

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This study had no human or animal participants, and it is not required ethical approval and informed consent for this type.

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Supplementary Information

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Kim, H., Seo, H., Chung, H. et al. Bedside risk prediction for positive follow-up blood culture in Gram-negative bacilli bacteremia: for whom is follow-up blood culture useful?. Infection 50, 689–697 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01742-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-021-01742-2

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