Abstract
Biochar is renowned for its potential in remediating metal-contaminated environments. This potential is mainly attributed to its metal sorption capacity which is influenced by several factors including type of the feedstock used to derive biochar. This study aims to identify the most effective biochar feedstocks for future remediation strategies against Pb2+ and Zn2+ contamination. Five biochars derived from different feedstocks, i.e., palm fronds, citrus wood, eucalyptus wood, eucalyptus chips, and argan nut shells—were characterized for their pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, ash content, porosity, and specific surface area. Surface functional groups were analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental composition was assessed through CHNS–O analysis. The sorption effectiveness of biochar types was evaluated at varying concentrations of Pb2+ and Zn2+, employing Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Scanning electron microscopy combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy assessed biochar morphology and metal associations. Pf biochar emerged as a promising candidate for future remediation, exhibiting the highest pH (8.84), electrical conductivity (10,745 µS cm−1), porosity (91%), ash content (23.9%), and specific surface area (171 m2 g−1) as well as highest sorption capacity for Pb2+ (175.5 mg g−1). While biochars derived from citrus wood and eucalyptus chips were notable for their high sorption capacities for Zn2+ (58.4 and 28.5 mg g−1, respectively). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed associations of Pb2+ and Zn2+ notably with silica and calcium, providing insights into the sorption mechanisms.
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE), the Ministry of Higher Education, Research (MESR), and the Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation (MESRSI), under the framework of the Franco-Moroccan Hubert Curien Partnership (PHC TOUBKAL 2021, Grant number: 45901VJ). The first author acknowledges the receipt of the doctoral scholarship for this research from PHC TOUBKAL program.
Funding
The research leading to these results received funding from the Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs (MEAE), the Ministry of Higher Education, Research (MESR), and the Ministry of Higher Education, Scientific Research and Innovation (MESRSI), under the framework of the Franco-Moroccan Hubert Curien Partnership (PHC TOUBKAL 2021), with Grant number: 45901VJ.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by [Yassine Chafik], [Sayyeda Hira Hassan] and [Marta Sena-Velez]. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [Yassine Chafik] and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
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Chafik, Y., Hassan, S.H., Lebrun, M. et al. Biochar characteristics and Pb2+/Zn2+ sorption capacities: the role of feedstock variation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05646-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05646-0