Abstract
The quest for the application of a high solar-photon sensitive photocatalysts for rapid photodegradation of recalcitrant dye molecules with deleterious environmental impacts remains a major setback for the adoption of photocatalysis in the treatment of industrial effluent. This brought about the development and use of a novel solar-driven photocatalyst mediated with Fenton-reagents for the treatability of dye effluent. However, the degradation efficiency of the process hinges on the reaction kinetics, synergistic or antagonistic interactive effects of three independent process variables such as the pH of the system (5–7), photocatalyst dosage (20–50 mg/L) and irradiation time (30–90 min) on the modeling and optimization photocatalysis of methylene blue dye in effluent. The result of the statistical study suggested the quadratic model which accurately predicts the response variables, having strong correlation values of 0.9984 and 0.9994 and variances < 0.2. The optimized variables for the photocatalytic process investigated by the analysis of variance were shown to be statistically significant (p-values < 0.0001), with the main interaction effects on the percentage degradation of dye being the pH, catalyst dosage, and irradiation period. Experimental optimum conditions attained were at pH = 5, dosage = 20 mg/L and irradiation time of 90 min for 97.019% degradation of methylene blue dye.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All relevant data are included in the paper or its supplementary information.
References
Afolabi FO, Musonge P, Bakare BF (2021) Bio-sorption of a bi-solute system of copper and lead ions onto banana peels: characterization and optimization. J Environ Health Sci Eng 19:613–624
Ahmadizadegan H (2017) Surface modification of TiO2 nanoparticles with biodegradable nanocellolose and synthesis of novel polyimide/cellulose/TiO2 membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 491:390
Alansi AM, Al-Qunaibit M, Alade IO, Qahtan TF, Saleh TA (2018) Visible-light responsive BiOBr nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide for photocatalytic degradation of dye. J Mol Liq 253(2017):297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.01.034
Amdoun R, Khelifi L, Khelifi-Slaoui M, Amroune S, Asch M, Assaf-Ducrocq C, Gontier E (2018) The desirability optimization methodology; a tool to predict two antagonist responses in biotechnological systems: case of biomass growth and hyoscyamine content in elicited Datura starmonium hairy roots. Iran J Biotechnol 16(1):e1339
Ameen S, Akhtar MS, Kim YS, Yang O, Shin H-S (2011) Polyaniline/gallium doped ZnO heterostructure device via plasma enhanced polymerization technique: preparation, characterization and electrical properties. Microchim Acta 172(3):471–478
Bayuo J, Rwiza MJ, Mtei KM (2023) Modeling and optimization of trivalent arsenic removal from wastewater using activated carbon produced from maize plant biomass: a multivariate experimental design approach. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04494-1
Bhatia SC, Devraj S (2017) Pollution control in textile industry. WPI publishing, India
Bhaumik R, Mondal NK, Chattoraj S, Datta JK (2013) Application of response surface methodology for optimization of fluoride removal mechanism by newely developed biomaterial. Am J Anal Chem 4(08):404
Bhowmik KL, Deb K, Bera A, Nath RK, Saha B (2016) Charge transport through polyaniline incorporated electrically conducting functional paper. J Phys Chem C 120(11):5855–5860. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08650
Chaduka M, Guyo U, Zinyama NP, Tshuma P, Matsinha LC (2020) Modeling and optimization of lead (II) adsorption by a novel peanut hull-g-methyl methacrylate biopolymer using response surface methodology (RSM). Anal Lett 53(8):1294–1311
Chaker H, Attar AE, Djennas M, Fourmentin S (2021) A statistical modeling-optimization approach for efficiency photocatalytic degradation of textile azo dye using cerium-doped mesoporous ZnO: a central composite design in response surface methodology. Chem Eng Res Des 171:198–212
Chen C, Zhao D, Zhou Q, Wu Y, Zhou X, Wang H (2019) Facile preparation and characterization of polyaniline and CeO2 co-decorated TiO2 nanotube array and its highly efficient photoelectrocatalytic activity. Nanoscale Res Lett 14(1):1–9
Cheng J, Gao J, Zhang J, Yuan W, Yan S, Zhou J, Zhao J, Feng S (2021) Optimization of hexavalent chromium biosorption by Shewanella putrefaciens using the Box-Behnken design. Water Air Soil Pollut 232:1–14
Cheraghipour E, Pakshir M (2020) Process optimization and modeling of Pb (II) ions adsorption on chitosan-conjugated magnetite nano-biocomposite using response surface methodology. Chemosphere 260:127560
Das B (2017) Response surface modeling of copper (II) adsorption from aqueous solution onto neem (Azadirachta indica) bark powder: central composite design approach. J Mater Environ Sci 8(7):2442–2454
Derikvandi H, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A (2017) Increased photocatalytic activity of NiO and ZnO in photodegradation of a model drug aqueous solution: effect of coupling, supporting, particles size and calcination temperature. J Hazard Mater 321:629–638
Devadi MAH, Krishna M, Murthy HNN, Sathyanarayana BS (2014) Statistical optimization for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by Ag-TiO2 nanoparticles. Proced Mater Sci 5:612–621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.307
Hakimyfard A, Khademinia S (2022) Hirshfeld surface analysis of solid-state synthesized NiFe2O4 nanocomposite and application of it for photocatalytic degradation of Water pollutant dye. Int J Nano Dimens 13(2):155–167
Hou C, Liu W, Zhu J (2017) Synthesis of NaOH-modified TiOF2 and its enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance on RhB. Catalysts 7(8):243
Jain M, Garg VK, Paliwal R, Kadirvelu K, Chaudhry S (2021) Optimization of cadmium (II) removal from water using sunflower waste carbon–a statistical approach. Toxin Rev 40(4):1373–1382
Kader S, Al-Mamun MR, Suhan MBK, Shuchi SB, Islam MS (2022) Enhanced photodegradation of methyl orange dye under UV irradiation using MoO3 and Ag doped TiO2 photocatalysts. Environ Technol Innov 27:102476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2022.102476
Kasavan S, Yusoff S, Guan NC, Zaman NSK, Fakri MFR (2021) Global trends of textile waste research from 2005 to 2020 using bibliometric analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:44780–44794
Khelifi O, Affoune AM, Nacef M, Chelaghmia ML, Laksaci H (2022) Response surface modeling and optimization of Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions competitive adsorption capacity by sewage sludge activated carbon. Arab J Sci Eng 47(5):5797–5809
Kiran S, Adeel S, Nosheen S, Hassan A, Usman M, Rafique MA (2017) Recent trends in textile effluent treatments: a review. Adv Mater Waste Water Treat. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119407805.ch2
Kőrösi L, Bognár B, Bouderias S, Castelli A, Scarpellini A, Pasquale L, Prato M (2019) Highly-efficient photocatalytic generation of superoxide radicals by phase-pure rutile TiO2 nanoparticles for azo dye removal. Appl Surf Sci 493:719–728
Koysuren O, Koysuren HN (2019) Photocatalytic activity of polyaniline/Fe-doped TiO2 composites by in situ polymerization method. J Macromol Sci Part A Pure Appl Chem 56(3):267–276. https://doi.org/10.1080/10601325.2019.1565548
Králik M (2014) Adsorption, chemisorption, and catalysis. Chem Pap 68(12):1625–1638
Kumar A, Pandey G (2018) Preparation and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/ppy/go for the degradation of rose bengal and victoria blue dye in visible light in aqueous solution. Desalin Water Treat 114:265–284. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22312
Lellis B, Fávaro-Polonio CZ, Pamphile JA, Polonio JC (2019) Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnol Res Innov 3(2):275–290
Liu P, Tan J, Song Y, Huang K, Zhang Q, Xie H (2022) The application of magnetic nanoparticles for sentinel lymph node detection in clinically node-negative breast cancer patients: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Cancers 14(20):5034
López-López J, Tejeda-Ochoa A, López-Beltrán A, Herrera-Ramírez J, Méndez-Herrera P (2022) Sunlight photocatalytic performance of zno nanoparticles synthesized by green chemistry using different botanical extracts and zinc acetate as a precursor. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27010006
Lu F, Astruc D (2020) Nanocatalysts and other nanomaterials for water remediation from organic pollutants. Coord Chem Rev 408:213180
Ma J, Yang M, Sun Y, Li C, Li Q, Gao F, Yu F, Chen J (2014) Fabrication of Ag/TiO2 nanotube array with enhanced photo-catalytic degradation of aqueous organic pollutant. Physica E 58:24–29
Ma J, Dai J, Duan Y, Zhang J, Qiang L, Xue J (2020) Fabrication of PANI-TiO2/rGO hybrid composites for enhanced photocatalysis of pollutant removal and hydrogen production. Renew Energy 156:1008–1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.04.104
Mirsalari SA, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Massah AR (2022) A designed experiment for CdS-AgBr photocatalyst toward methylene blue. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17569-1
Mishra AK (2018) Conducting polymers: concepts and applications. J Atom Mol Condensed Nano Phys 5(2):159–193
Muñoz-Flores P, Poon PS, Sepulveda C, Ania CO, Matos J (2022) Photocatalytic performance of carbon-containing CuMo-based catalysts under sunlight illumination. Catalysts 12(1):46
Oyetade JA, Hilonga A, Machunda RL (2023a) Performance evaluation of in situ Fenton-mediated photocatalysis of industrial dye effluent with enhanced TiO2 nanoparticle. AQUA Water Infrastruct Ecosyst Soc 72(6):1025–1041. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2023.027
Oyetade JA, Machunda RL, Hilonga A (2022) Photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in textile wastewater by polyaniline composite catalyst-a review. Sci Afr 17:e01305
Oyetade JA, Machunda RL, Hilonga A (2023b) Investigation of functional performance of treatment systems for textile wastewater in selected textile industries in Tanzania. Water Sci Technol 87(3):584–597
Oyetade JA, Machunda RL, Hilonga A (2023dc) RSC Advances functional impacts of polyaniline in composite matrix of photocatalysts: an instrumental overview. RSC Adv 13:15467–15489. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA01243C
Oyetade JA, Machunda RL, Hilonga A (2024) Fenton-mediated solar-driven photocatalysis of industrial dye effluent with polyaniline impregnated with activated TiO2-Nps. J Photochem Photobiol 20:100231
Pashaei H, Ghaemi A, Nasiri M, Karami B (2020) Experimental modeling and optimization of CO2 absorption into piperazine solutions using RSM-CCD methodology. ACS Omega 5(15):8432–8448
Pirzada BM, Mir NA, Qutub N, Mehraj O, Sabir S, Muneer M (2015) Synthesis, characterization and optimization of photocatalytic activity of TiO2/ZrO2 nanocomposite heterostructures. Mater Sci Eng: B 193:137–145
Rahimi S, Moattari RM, Rajabi L, Derakhshan AA, Keyhani M (2015) Iron oxide/hydroxide (α, γ-FeOOH) nanoparticles as high potential adsorbents for lead removal from polluted aquatic media. J Ind Eng Chem 23:33–43
Rajesh G, Akilandeswari S, Govindarajan D, Thirumalai K (2020) Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of ZrO2 nanoparticles by doping with Mg for UV light photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet and methyl blue dyes. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 31(5):4058–4072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-020-02953-3
Sadhukhan B, Mondal NK, Chattoraj S (2016) Optimisation using central composite design (CCD) and the desirability function for sorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution onto Lemna major. Karbala Int J Modern Sci 2(3):145–155
Sagharloo NG, Rabani M, Salimi L, Ghafourian H, Sadatipour SMT (2021) Immobilized ZnO/TiO2 activated carbon (I ZnO/TiO2 AC) to removal of arsenic from aqueous environments: optimization using response surface methodology and kinetic studies. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-01741-1
Saha S, Chaudhary N, Kumar A, Khanuja M (2020) Polymeric nanostructures for photocatalytic dye degradation: polyaniline for photocatalysis. SN Appl Sci 2(6):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2928-4
Sahoo TR, Prelot B (2020) Adsorption processes for the removal of contaminants from wastewater: the perspective role of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Nanomaterials for the detection and removal of wastewater pollutants. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 161–222
Sarkar K, Deb K, Debnath A, Bera A, Debnath A, Saha B (2018) Polaron localization in polyaniline through methylene blue dye interaction for tuned charge transport and optical properties. Colloid Polym Sci 296(12):1927–1934. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-018-4419-3
Sarkar K, Debnath A, Deb K, Bera A, Saha B (2019) Effect of NiO incorporation in charge transport of polyaniline: improved polymer based thermoelectric generator. Energy 177:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.045
Sarkar S, Banerjee A, Halder U, Biswas R, Bandopadhyay R (2017) Degradation of synthetic azo dyes of textile industry: a sustainable approach using microbial enzymes. Water Conserv Sci Eng 2(4):121–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41101-017-0031-5
Sarrai AE, Hanini S, Merzouk NK, Tassalit D, Szabó T, Hernádi K, Nagy L (2016) Using central composite experimental design to optimize the degradation of tylosin from aqueous solution by photo-fenton reaction. Materials 9(6):428
Shafaghat J, Ghaemi A (2021) Comparison of Pb (II) adsorption by ground granulated blast-furnace and phosphorus slags; exploitation of RSM. Iran J Sci Technol Trans a: Sci 45:899–911
Shahabuddin S, Khanam R, Khalid M, Sarih NM, Ching JJ, Mohamad S, Saidur R (2018) Synthesis of 2D boron nitride doped polyaniline hybrid nanocomposites for photocatalytic degradation of carcinogenic dyes from aqueous solution. Arab J Chem 11(6):1000–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.05.004
Shamsuzzaman M, Hossain I, Saha T, Roy A, Das D, Ahmed MT, Podder SK (2023) Waste management in textile industry. Advanced technology in textiles: fibre to apparel. Springer, Berlin, pp 279–299
Shin J-G, Park C-S, Jung EY, Shin BJ, Tae H-S (2019) Synthesis of a polyaniline nanoparticle using a solution plasma process with an Ar gas bubble channel. Polymers 11(1):105
Singh A, Pal DB, Mohammad A, Alhazmi A, Haque S, Yoon T, Srivastava N, Gupta VK (2022) Biological remediation technologies for dyes and heavy metals in wastewater treatment: new insight. Biores Technol 343:126154
Sujatha S, Venkatesan G, Sivarethinamohan R (2019) Optimization of lead removal in exhausting Manilkara zapota based activated carbon: application of response surface methodology. Environ Technol 41(19):2478–2493
Tahir MB, Sohaib M, Sagir M, Rafique M (2022) Role of nanotechnology in photocatalysis. Encycl Smart Mater. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815732-9.00006-1
Ventura-camargo BDC, Marin-morales MA (2013) Azo dyes: characterization and toxicity—a review. Text Light Indu Sci Technol 2(2):85–103
Vijayakumar G, Tamilarasan R, Dharmendirakumar M (2012) Adsorption, kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies on the removal of basic dye rhodamine-B from aqueous solution by the use of natural adsorbent perlite. J Mater Environ Sci 3(1):157–170
Wahyuni S, Kunarti ES, Swasono RT, Kartini I (2018) Characterization and photocatalytic activity of TiO2(rod)-SiO2-polyaniline nanocomposite. Indones J Chem 18(2):321–330. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.22550
Wang H, Yi G, Tan M, Zu X, Luo H, Jiang X (2015) Initial reactant controlled synthesis of double layered TiO2 nanostructures and characterization of its spectra of absorption and photoluminescence. Mater Lett 148:5–8
Wang J, Guo X (2020) Adsorption kinetic models: physical meanings, applications, and solving methods. J Hazard Mater 390:122156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122156
Acknowledgements
This work was supported and funded by the Regional Scholarship for Innovation Fund (RSIF), a flagship program of the Partnership for Skills in Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology (PASET).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare there is no conflict.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Oyetade, J.A., Machunda, R.L. & Hilonga, A. Kinetics and optimization modeling of Fenton-mediated photocatalysis of dye effluent with novel PANI/AK-TiO2 nanocomposites. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05618-4
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-024-05618-4