Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmental monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in paddy fields treated with synthetic and mixed fertilizers

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The current study explored the contamination of heavy metals in the paddy fields of Kashmore district treated with synthetic fertilizer and mixed fertilizer, based on the route of input (irrigation water, fertilization, atmospheric precipitation) and output fluxes (surface runoff, water leaching, and crop biomass). The soil and irrigation water quality of selected paddy fields treated with synthetic fertilizer and mixed fertilizer was also examined according to the standard protocol. Moreover, the measurement of heavy metals in soil, input and output was done by atomic absorption spectrometry. The principal component analysis data indicated that the paddy field-5 and paddy field-6 soils treated with synthetic fertilizer and paddy field-5 soils treated with mixed fertilizer showed high distribution scores for physicochemical parameters and heavy metals. The bioaccumulation and translocation of heavy metals in the studied paddy field indicated that the soils and irrigation water of paddy fields treated with synthetic fertilizer and mixed fertilizer are suitable for rice cultivation. The elevated levels of heavy metals in soils treated with mixed fertilizer might be due to heavy metals contamination in irrigation water, synthetic fertilizers, and livestock manures. The experimental data showed an insignificant difference in heavy metal contents in different parts of all paddy fields (p < 0.05). The atmospheric deposition is a significant input contributor of heavy metals in contamination in paddy fields. The rice straw uptake is a prime source of heavy metals in paddy fields, but their removal may efficiently decrease the intake of heavy metals from studied paddy fields.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  • Abtahi M, Fakhri Y, Oliveri Conti G, Keramati H, Zandsalimi Y, Bahmani Z, Hosseini Pouya R, Sarkhosh M, Moradi B, Amanidaz N (2017) Heavy metals (as, cr, pb, cd and ni) concentrations in rice (oryza sativa) from iran and associated risk assessment: A systematic review. Toxin Rev 36(4):331–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed Baig J, Gul Kazi T, Qadir Shah A, Abbas Kandhro G, Imran Afridi H, Balal Arain M, Khan Jamali M, Jalbani N (2010) Speciation and evaluation of arsenic in surface water and groundwater samples: a multivariate case study. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 73(5):914–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.01.002

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar A, Afridi HI, Kazi TG, Talpur FN, Arain SS, Baig JA, Khan N, Khan M, Bilal M (2017) Chromium exposure in the adult population, consuming different types of smokeless tobacco products in pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 175(2):312–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alrawiq N, Khairiah J, Talib M, Ismail B, Anizan I (2014) Accumulation and translocation of heavy metals in soil and paddy plant samples collected from rice fields irrigated with recycled and non-recycled water in mada kedah, malaysia. Int J ChemTech Res 6(4):2347–2356

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjum NA, Hasanuzzaman M, Hossain MA, Thangavel P, Roychoudhury A, Gill SS, Rodrigo MAM, Adam V, Fujita M, Kizek R (2015) Jacks of metal/metalloid chelation trade in plants—an overview. Front Plant Sci 6:192

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf MY, Ashraf M, Mahmood K, Akhter J, Hussain F, Arshad M (2010) Phytoremediation of saline soils for sustainable agricultural productivity. Plant Adapt Phytoremediation. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9370-7_15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atafar Z, Mesdaghinia A, Nouri J, Homaee M, Yunesian M, Ahmadimoghaddam M, Mahvi AH (2010) Effect of fertilizer application on soil heavy metal concentration. Environ Monit Assess 160(1):83–89

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig JA, Kazi TG, Shah AQ, Kandhro GA, Afridi HI, Khan S, Kolachi NF, Wadhwa SK (2012) Arsenic speciation and other parameters of surface and ground water samples of jamshoro, pakistan. Int J Environ Anal Chem 92(1):28–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig JA, Bhutto AA, Uddin S, Kazi TG, Khan MI (2018) Quantification of hexavalent chromium in surface water samples by a selective electrochemical method. J AOAC Int 101(2):577–586

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baig JA, Bhatti S, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2019) Evaluation of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and lead in common spices in pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 187(2):586–595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez GM, Jasan R, Plá R, Pignata ML (2012) Heavy metals and trace elements in atmospheric fall-out: their relationship with topsoil and wheat element composition. J Hazard Mater 213:447–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya P, Samal A, Majumdar J, Santra S (2010) Accumulation of arsenic and its distribution in rice plant (oryza sativa l.) in gangetic west bengal, india. Paddy Water Environ 8(1):63–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatti SS, Kumar V, Singh N, Sambyal V, Singh J, Katnoria JK, Nagpal AK (2016) Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal contents of soils and kharif crops of punjab, india. Proc Environ Sci 35:801–808

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra R, Yadav S, Yadav S (2017) Phytoextraction potential of heavy metals by native wetland plants growing on chlorolignin containing sludge of pulp and paper industry. Ecol Eng 98:134–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Channa GM, Baig J, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2020) Quantitative assessment of some toxic elements and physicochemical parameters in wastewater of dyeing industry: a case study. Pak J Anal Environ Chem 21(1):132–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Yaa O-K, Wu J (2020) Effects of different organic materials application on soil physicochemical properties in a primary saline-alkali soil. Eurasian Soil Sci 53:798–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chopra A, Pathak C (2012) Bioaccumulation and translocation efficiency of heavy metals in vegetables grown on long-term wastewater irrigated soil near bindal river, dehradun. Agric Res 1(2):157–164

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Oliveira RM, Antunes ACN, Vieira MA, Medina AL, Ribeiro AS (2016) Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the determination of as, cd, pb, and se in rice samples by gf aas. Microchem J 124:402–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng M, Zhu Y, Shao K, Zhang Q, Ye G, Shen J (2020) Metals source apportionment in farmland soil and the prediction of metal transfer in the soil-rice-human chain. J Environ Manage 260:110092

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dotaniya M, Thakur J, Meena V, Jajoria D, Rathor G (2014) Chromium pollution: a threat to environment-a review. Agric Rev 35(2):153–157

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebong GA, Ekong CI (2015) Pollution status of trace metals in waste impacted soils within borokiri town, port harcourt metropolis, rivers state, nigeria. Int J Sci Res Environ Sci 3(2):436–444

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • FAO, J.W., 2007. Fao food standard programme codex alimentarius commission 13th session. Report of the Thirty-Eight Session of the Codex Com. on Food Hyg., Houston, United States of America, AliNorm.

  • Fareed G, Baig JA, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Akhtar K, Solangi IB (2022) Heavy metals contamination levels in the products of sugar industry along with their impact from sugar to the end users. Int J Environ Anal Chem. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2022.2062238

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng W, Guo Z, Peng C, Xiao X, Shi L, Han X, Ran H (2018) Modelling mass balance of cadmium in paddy soils under long term control scenarios. Environ Sci Proc Imp 20(8):1158–1166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng W, Guo Z, Peng C, Xiao X, Shi L, Zeng P, Ran H, Xue Q (2019) Atmospheric bulk deposition of heavy metal (loid) s in central south china: fluxes, influencing factors and implication for paddy soils. J Hazard Mater 371:634–642

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng W, Guo Z, Xiao X, Peng C, Shi L, Ran H, Xu W (2020) A dynamic model to evaluate the critical loads of heavy metals in agricultural soil. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 197:110607

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geng Y, Cao G, Wang L, Wang S (2019) Effects of equal chemical fertilizer substitutions with organic manure on yield, dry matter, and nitrogen uptake of spring maize and soil nitrogen distribution. PLoS ONE 14(7):e0219512

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guo L, Lyu Y, Yang Y (2017) Concentrations and chemical forms of heavy metals in the bulk atmospheric deposition of Beijing, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(35):27356–27365

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halim M, Majumder R, Zaman M (2015) Paddy soil heavy metal contamination and uptake in rice plants from the adjacent area of Barapukuria coal mine, northwest Bangladesh. Arab J Geosci 8(6):3391–3401

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain MS, Zakir HM, Rahman MS, Islam MM (2015) Toxic metallic contamination in wastewater of some industrial areas of mymensingh town, bangladesh. Adv Arch City Environ 1(3):7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Hou Q, Yang Z, Ji J, Yu T, Chen G, Li J, Xia X, Zhang M, Yuan X (2014) Annual net input fluxes of heavy metals of the agro-ecosystem in the yangtze river delta, china. J Geochem Explor 139:68–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hu B, Shao S, Fu Z, Li Y, Ni H, Chen S, Zhou Y, Jin B, Shi Z (2019) Identifying heavy metal pollution hot spots in soil-rice systems: a case study in south of Yangtze river delta, China. Sci Total Environ 658:614–625

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang W, Duan D, Zhang Y, Cheng H, Ran Y (2014) Heavy metals in particulate and colloidal matter from atmospheric deposition of urban Guangzhou, South China. Mar Pollut Bull 85(2):720–726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imadi SR, Shah SW, Kazi AG, Azooz M, Ahmad P (2016) Phytoremediation of saline soils for sustainable agricultural productivity. Plant Metal Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-803158-2.00018-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ismail A, Riaz M, Akhtar S, Ismail T, Amir M, Zafar-ul-Hye M (2014) Heavy metals in vegetables and respective soils irrigated by canal, municipal waste and tube well waters. Food Addit Contam: Part B 7(3):213–219

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jan FA, Ishaq M, Khan S, Ihsanullah I, Ahmad I, Shakirullah M (2010) A comparative study of human health risks via consumption of food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil (Peshawar) and relatively clean water irrigated soil (lower dir). J Hazard Mater 179(1–3):612–621

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jia L, Wang W, Li Y, Yang L (2010) Heavy metals in soil and crops of an intensively farmed area: a case study in Yucheng city, Shandong province, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 7(2):395–412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W, Hou Q, Yang Z, Yu T, Zhong C, Yang Y, Fu Y (2014) Annual input fluxes of heavy metals in agricultural soil of Hainan island, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21(13):7876–7885

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junejo SH, Baig JA, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2019a) Cadmium and lead hazardous impact assessment of pond fish species. Biol Trace Elem Res 191(2):502–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Junejo SH, Baig JA, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2019b) Cadmium and lead hazardous impact assessment of pond fish species. Biol Trace Elem Res 191:502–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kananke T, Wansapala J, Gunaratne A (2014) Heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables collected from selected market sites of Piliyandala area, Colombo district, Sri Lanka. Am J Food Sci Tech 2(5):139–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khan K, Lu Y, Khan H, Ishtiaq M, Khan S, Waqas M, Wei L, Wang T (2013) Heavy metals in agricultural soils and crops and their health risks in swat district, northern Pakistan. Food Chem Toxicol 58:449–458

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krumins JA, Goodey NM, Gallagher F (2015) Plant–soil interactions in metal contaminated soils. Soil Biol Biochem 80:224–231

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee P-K, Choi B-Y, Kang M-J (2015) Assessment of mobility and bio-availability of heavy metals in dry depositions of Asian dust and implications for environmental risk. Chemosphere 119:1411–1421

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin W, Lin M, Zhou H, Wu H, Li Z, Lin W (2019) The effects of chemical and organic fertilizer usage on rhizosphere soil in tea orchards. PLoS ONE 14(5):e0217018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Ma X, Wang M, Sun X (2013) Genotypic differences among rice cultivars in lead accumulation and translocation and the relation with grain pb levels. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 90:35–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lv J (2019) Multivariate receptor models and robust geostatistics to estimate source apportionment of heavy metals in soils. Environ Pollut 244:72–83

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malghani̇ N, Mahesar S, Jameel BA, TALPUR F, Sherazi ST, Junaid M (2022) Nutritional assessment and proximate analysis of selected vegetables grown in Larkana Sindh Pakistan. J Turkish Chem Soc Sect A Chem 9(4):985–998

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malidareh HB, Mahvi AH, Yunesian M, Alimohammadi M, Nazmara S (2014) Admium, lead and arsenic content in polished white rice (oryza sativa l.) in Ghaemshahr city (north of Iran). Middle-East J Sci Res 20:1709–1714

    Google Scholar 

  • Ming L, Li Z-P, Zhang T-L, Jiang C-Y, Che Y-P (2011) Discrepancy in response of rice yield and soil fertility to long-term chemical fertilization and organic amendments in paddy soils cultivated from infertile upland in subtropical china. Agric Sci China 10(2):259–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moe K, Mg KW, Win KK, Yamakawa T (2017) Combined effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield of hybrid rice (palethwe-1). Am J Plant Sci 8(5):1022–1042

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muche M, Kokeb A, Molla E (2015) Assessing the physicochemical properties of soil under different land use types. J Environ Anal Toxicol 5(5):1

    Google Scholar 

  • Muhammad S, Shah MT, Khan S (2011) Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan. Microchem J 98(2):334–343

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mushtaq N, Khan KS (2010) Heavy metals contamination of soils in response to wastewater irrigation in Rawalpindi region. Pak J Agri Sci 47(3):215–224

    Google Scholar 

  • Muzammil M, Zahid A, Breuer L (2020) Water resources management strategies for irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin of Pakistan. Water 12(5):1429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nabi F, Yang G, Sajid S, Chen H, Kaleri AR, Chen T, Wang X, Hu Y (2022) Linking soil microbial community with the changes in soil physicochemical properties in response to long-term agricultural land use change of different chronosequences and depth layers. Ecol Ind 145:109727

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naseri M, Vazirzadeh A, Kazemi R, Zaheri F (2015) Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chem 175:243–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nocito FF, Lancilli C, Dendena B, Lucchini G, Sacchi GA (2011) Cadmium retention in rice roots is influenced by cadmium availability, chelation and translocation. Plant, Cell Environ 34(6):994–1008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver V, Cochrane N, Magnusson J, Brachi E, Monaco S, Volante A, Courtois B, Vale G, Price A, Teh YA (2019) Effects of water management and cultivar on carbon dynamics, plant productivity and biomass allocation in European rice systems. Sci Total Environ 685:1139–1151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasricha S, Mathur V, Garg A, Lenka S, Verma K, Agarwal S (2021) Molecular mechanisms underlying heavy metal uptake, translocation and tolerance in hyperaccumulators-an analysis: Heavy metal tolerance in hyperaccumulators. Environ Chall 4:100197

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshimatva UM, Maurya RR, Gamit SB, Patel RD, Solanki HA (2015) Determination of physico-chemical parameters and water quality index (wqi) of Chandlodia lake, ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. J Environ Anal Toxicol 5(4):1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi G, Kolahchi Z, Charkhabi A (2017) Uptake and translocation of some heavy metals by rice crop in paddy soils. Agriculture (pol’nohospodárstvo). 63(4):163–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MA, Rahman MM, Reichman SM, Lim RP, Naidu R (2014) Heavy metals in Australian grown and imported rice and vegetables on sale in Australia: health hazard. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 100:53–60

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rathna Priya T, Eliazer Nelson ARL, Ravichandran K, Antony U (2019) Nutritional and functional properties of coloured rice varieties of south india: a review. J Ethnic Foods 6(1):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Redda A, Kebede F (2017) Effects of integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties performance, using rice (oryza sativa l.) as an indicator crop in tselemti district of north-western tigray, ethiopia. Int Res J Agric Sci Technol 1(1):6–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Rim MMT, Ghosh A, Khatun AA, Rima MRK, Roy GN (2021) Proximate analysis and formulation of weaning food using germinated cereals, pulses and ground nut. Asian-Australas J Food Safety Secur 5(2):32–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roba TB (2018) Review on: The effect of mixing organic and inorganic fertilizer on productivity and soil fertility. Open Access Libr J 5(06):1

    Google Scholar 

  • Sahito OM, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Baig JA, Talpur FN, Baloch S, Memon NS, Kori NG (2016) Assessment of toxic metal uptake by different vegetables grown on soils amended with poultry waste: risk assessment. Water Air Soil Pollut 227(11):1–13

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salem MA, Bedade DK, Al-Ethawi L, Al-Waleed SM (2020) Assessment of physiochemical properties and concentration of heavy metals in agricultural soils fertilized with chemical fertilizers. Heliyon 6(10):e05224

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharafati Chaleshtori F, Rafieian Kopaei M, Sharafati Chaleshtori R (2017) A review of heavy metals in rice (oryza sativa) of Iran. Toxin Reviews 36(2):147–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi T, Ma J, Wu X, Ju T, Lin X, Zhang Y, Li X, Gong Y, Hou H, Zhao L (2018) Inventories of heavy metal inputs and outputs to and from agricultural soils: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 164:118–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi L, Guo Z, Peng C, Xiao X, Feng W, Huang B, Ran H (2019) Immobilization of cadmium and improvement of bacterial community in contaminated soil following a continuous amendment with lime mixed with fertilizers: a four-season field experiment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 171:425–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh J, Upadhyay SK, Pathak RK, Gupta V (2011) Accumulation of heavy metals in soil and paddy crop (oryza sativa), irrigated with water of Ramgarh lake, Gorakhpur, up, India. Toxicol Environ Chem 93(3):462–473

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Six L, Smolders E (2014) Future trends in soil cadmium concentration under current cadmium fluxes to European agricultural soils. Sci Total Environ 485:319–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soubasakou G, Cavoura O, Damikouka I (2022) Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soils: a review of new cadmium hyperaccumulators and factors affecting their efficiency. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 109(5):783–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sterckeman T, Gossiaux L, Guimont S, Sirguey C, Lin Z (2018) Cadmium mass balance in french soils under annual crops: scenarios for the next century. Sci Total Environ 639:1440–1452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun Y, Sun G, Xu Y, Liu W, Liang X, Wang L (2016) Evaluation of the effectiveness of sepiolite, bentonite, and phosphate amendments on the stabilization remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils. J Environ Manag 166:204–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tariq SR, Rashid N (2013) Multivariate analysis of metal levels in paddy soil, rice plants, and rice grains: a case study from shakargarh, pakistan. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/539251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tasrina R, Rowshon A, Mustafizur A, Rafiqul I, Ali M (2015) Heavy metals contamination in vegetables and its growing soil. J Environ Anal Chem 2(142):2

    Google Scholar 

  • UNDP, 2018. District disaster management plan (ddmp), district kashmore (july 2018 - june 2023).

  • USAid, 2014. A profile of district kashmore pakistan emergency situation analysis immap pakistan services desk islamabad pakistan. pp: Pagr no; 13

  • Vatanpour N, Feizy J, Talouki HH, Es’haghiScesi ZL, Malvandi AM (2020) The high levels of heavy metal accumulation in cultivated rice from the tajan river basin: health and ecological risk assessment. Chemosphere 245:125639

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waris M, Baig J, Talpur F, Afridi H, Kazi T, Yousaf H (2021) Evaluation of selected halophytes for phytoextraction of co, cu, zn and capability of desalination of saline soil. Int J Environ Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03269-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waris M, Baig JA, Talpur FN, Kazi TG, Afridi HI (2022) An environmental field assessment of soil quality and phytoremediation of toxic metals from saline soil by selected halophytes. J Environ Health Sci Eng 20(1):535–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weifeng S, Aiping S, Jiai L, Wenchong S, Mingcong L, Zhang W, Zuzhang L, Guangrong L, Fusheng Y, Zhang S (2022) Effects of long-term fertilization with different substitution ratios of organic fertilizer on paddy soil. Pedosphere 32(4):637–648

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia X, Yang Z, Cui Y, Li Y, Hou Q, Yu T (2014) Soil heavy metal concentrations and their typical input and output fluxes on the southern song-nen plain, heilongjiang province, china. J Geochem Explor 139:85–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang Q-W, Xu Y, Liu S-J, He J-F, Long F-Y (2011) Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in market vegetables in Chongqing, China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74(6):1664–1669

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yearbook FS (2013) World food and agriculture. Food and agriculture organization of the United Nations, Rome, p 15

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama T, Gosho T, Kato M, Goto S, Hayashi H (2010) Xylem and phloem transport of cd, zn and fe into the grains of rice plants (oryza sativa l.) grown in continuously flooded cd-contaminated soil. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 56(3):445–453

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zaccone C, Di Caterina R, Rotunno T, Quinto M (2010) Soil–farming system–food–health: Effect of conventional and organic fertilizers on heavy metal (cd, cr, cu, ni, pb, zn) content in semolina samples. Soil Tillage Res 107(2):97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zang Z, Li Y, Liu S, Li H, Hao Z, Xu Y (2021) Assessment of the heavy metal pollution and health risks of rice cultivated in Hainan island, China. Environ Foren 22(1–2):63–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Yu H, Li F, Fang L, Liu C, Huang W, Du Y, Peng Y, Xu Q (2020) Behaviors of heavy metal (loid) s in a cocontaminated alkaline paddy soil throughout the growth period of rice. Sci Total Environ 716:136204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao K, Liu X, Xu J, Selim H (2010) Heavy metal contaminations in a soil–rice system: identification of spatial dependence in relation to soil properties of paddy fields. J Hazard Mater 181(1–3):778–787

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao F-J, Ma Y, Zhu Y-G, Tang Z, McGrath SP (2015) Soil contamination in china: current status and mitigation strategies. Environ Sci Technol 49(2):750–759

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry at the University of Sindh in Jamshoro is greatly appreciated by the authors for funding transportation for sample collection, all relevant experimental chemicals, and instrumental maintenance.

Funding

This is an academic-based research education study conducted without outreach financial assistance at National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan

    S. A. Solangi, J. A. Baig, H. I. Afridi, T. G. Kazi, K. Akhtar, F. Abbasi & A. A. Lashari

  2. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    J. A. Baig

  3. Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Hyderabad, 70060, Pakistan

    M. S. Sarki

  4. Dr. M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan

    I. B. Solangi & F. Abbasi

Authors
  1. S. A. Solangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. A. Baig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. I. Afridi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. T. G. Kazi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. M. S. Sarki
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. I. B. Solangi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. K. Akhtar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. F. Abbasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. A. Lashari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

The corresponding author, Dr. JAB, conceptualized, supervised, and formulated the original research draft of the manuscript. However, Mr. SAS, Mr. FA and Mr. KA (Ph.D. scholars) executed the proposed research investigation at the laboratory and field. Prof. Dr. TGK has aided her expert advice to refine the original draft. Dr. MSS and Dr. IBS have assisted scholars in performing the physicochemical analyses of soil and irrigation water and estimating input and output fluxes of heavy metals in paddy fields. Dr. HIA and Mr. AAL visualized and validated based on the statistical adaptation for the proposed research studies.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. A. Baig.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

This research study was done for non-commercial and educational objectives and could not be viewed as a potential conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The present investigation did not include direct or indirect participation of human subjects or animals. Nevertheless, all methods conducted in the studies that indirectly included human participants or animals adhered to the ethical standards set by the institutional and/or national research committee. These criteria followed the 1964 Helsinki Statement and its subsequent revisions or were equivalent to other ethical standards.

Consent to participate

There is no participation whatsoever on the part of individuals (humans).

Consent for publication

Authors have assured their consent that they do not have a conflict of interest with Dr. Jameel Ahmed Baig as the corresponding author concerning the publication of this work in a peer-reviewed academic journal.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOC 886 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Solangi, S.A., Baig, J.A., Afridi, H.I. et al. Environmental monitoring and assessment of heavy metals in paddy fields treated with synthetic and mixed fertilizers. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 6695–6712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05427-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05427-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation