Abstract
Cationic surfactant (CS) is one of the alarming emerging contaminants often found in municipal and industrial wastewater. Various research articles have already reported about the toxicity of CS. In the current research work, sustainable and green alginate (Ag) and alginate composite beads with xanthan gum (AgX) are explored for the adsorptive elimination of model CS, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), from wastewater. The composite (AgX) beads showed relatively better performance than Ag beads in terms of mechanical strength and equilibrium time. Studies on FTIR spectra, SEM analysis, size distribution, pHzpc measurement, and elemental analyses were conducted in order to characterize the adsorbent and to get an insight into the adsorption phenomenon. At the end of 8 days’ equilibrium time, the maximum adsorptive retention capacity of the AgX beads was obtained as ~ 310 mg/g with an initial CPC concentration of 600 mg/L, using an adsorbent dose of 1.5 g/L. A layered isotherm with varying slopes was obtained, indicating different stages of CPC adsorption. CPC uptake by hydrogel beads was associated with significant shrinkage of the beads. Removal of CPC from real wastewater was possible with good efficiency. The effect of pH and interfering ions on CPC removal was examined. The results showed that the pH range of 5.5–6 was the optimum, and there was no interference from Co(II), Ni(II), and Mg(II) ions. The results showed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) < ± 10%.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to IIT Kharagpur for providing instrumental facilities and Ministry of Education, Government of India for providing financial support. Besides that, the authors would like to thank Miss Anuja Joseph (research scholar of School of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT Kharagpur) for her help in bacteriological test.
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SB was involved in the conceptualization, writing and original draft preparation, investigation. AN was involved in writing-reviewing and editing, conceptualization. AP was involved in supervision, writing-reviewing and editing, conceptualization. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Biswas, S., Nath, A. & Pal, A. Fabrication of a novel alginate-xanthan biopolymer hydrogel bead for cationic surfactant removal from aqueous medium. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 6663–6676 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05421-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05421-7