Predictive modelling through RSM for diesel engine using Al2O3 nanoparticles fuel blends

Vali, R. H.; Pali, H. S.; Ahmed, M. M.; Singh, A. K.; Kumar, A.; Sharma, A.

doi:10.1007/s13762-023-05317-6

Predictive modelling through RSM for diesel engine using Al₂O₃ nanoparticles fuel blends

Original Paper
Published: 14 November 2023

Volume 21, pages 4935–4956, (2024)
Cite this article

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

R. H. Vali¹,
H. S. Pali²,
M. M. Ahmed ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7558-2496²,
A. K. Singh²,
A. Kumar² &
…
A. Sharma³

113 Accesses
Explore all metrics

Abstract

Metal oxide nanoparticles have becoming increasingly popular as an additive to diesel blend due to their numerous advantages. The current study aims to optimize and analyse the diesel engine characteristics by applying RSM optimization tool operating with Al₂O₃ nanoparticles incorporated fuel blends at various compression ratio and loads. The diesel engine’s input parameters were selected are compression-ratio, load, and Al₂O₃ nanoparticle concentration. The diesel engine compression-ratio was differed by 16.5–18.5, load varied by 25–100% and concentration of nanoparticles varied by 1–100 ppm. With RSM, multi-objective optimization has been done. The output responses were predicted by the mathematical models. The expected co-efficient of determinations for selected responses like BTE, BSFC, CO, HC, NOx, and CO₂ are 98.94%, 97.65%, 96.27%, 95.38%, 99.76%, and 99.38%, respectively. Experimental evaluation of the engine output responses is established to fall within the acceptable range of error (< 5%). So, On the basis of study, it was concluded that the mathematically created model could be successfully used to forecast the aforesaid engine performance characteristics and found statistically fit.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 3

Modelling of compression ignition engine by soft computing techniques (ANFIS-NSGA-II and RSM) to enhance the performance characteristics for leachate blends with nano-additives

Article Open access 18 September 2023

Prediction and optimization of CI engine performance fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum diesel blend using response surface methodology (RSM)

Article 21 June 2018

Optimization of the Performance and Emissions of a Dual-Fuel Diesel Engine Using LPG as the Fuel

Abbreviations

Al₂O₃ :: Aluminium oxide
NP:: Nanoparticles
CI:: Compression ignition
bTDC:: Before top dead centre
BTE:: Brake thermal efficiency
BSFC:: Brake specific fuel consumption
CO:: Carbon monoxide
NOx:: Oxides of nitrogen
IT:: Injection timing
RSM:: Response surface methodology
IP:: Injection pressure
CR:: Compression-ratio
HC:: Unburnt hydrocarbon
ID:: Ignition delay
CO₂ :: Carbon dioxide
D88E10A50:: (D88E10 + 50 ppm Al₂O₃)
D88E10A100:: (D88E10 + 110 ppm Al₂O₃)
D88E10:: (Diesel (88%) + Ethanol (10%) + surfactant (2%))

References

Abu-Qudais M, Haddad O, Qudaisat M (2000) Effect of alcohol fumigation on diesel engine performance and emissions. Energy Convers Manage 41(4):389–399. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00099-0
Article CAS Google Scholar
Amarnath HK, Prabhakaran P (2012) A study on the thermal performance and emissions of a variable compression ratio diesel engine fuelled with Karanja biodiesel and the optimization of parameters based on experimental data. Int J Green Energy 9(8):841–863. https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2011.647167
Article CAS Google Scholar
Bora BJ, Saha UK (2016) Experimental evaluation of a rice bran biodiesel - biogas run dual fuel diesel engine at varying compression ratios. Renew Energy 87:782–790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.002
Article CAS Google Scholar
Demirbas A (2007) Alternatives to petroleum diesel fuel. Energy Sources Part B 2(4):343–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567240600629518
Article CAS Google Scholar
Demirbas A (2010) Future fuels for internal combustion engines. Energy Sour, Part a: Recovery, Utilizat Environ Effects 32(14):1273–1281. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567030903060317
Article CAS Google Scholar
Dhahad HA, Chaichan MT (2020) The impact of adding nano-Al₂O₃ and nano-ZnO to Iraqi diesel fuel in terms of compression ignition engines’ performance and emitted pollutants’. Thermal Sci Eng Progr 18:100535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsep.2020.100535
Article Google Scholar
El-Seesy AI, Attia AMA, El-Batsh HM (2018) ‘The effect of aluminum oxide nanoparticles addition with Jojoba methyl ester-diesel fuel blend on a diesel engine performance, combustion and emission characteristics.’ Fuel 224:147–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.03.076
Article CAS Google Scholar
Gavhane RS et al (2020) Effect of zinc oxide nano-additives and soybean biodiesel at varying loads and compression ratios on vcr diesel engine characteristics. Symmetry. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12061042
Article Google Scholar
Gnanamoorthi V, Devaradjane G (2015) Effect of compression ratio on the performance, combustion and emission of di diesel engine fueled with ethanol e diesel blend. J Energy Inst 88(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2014.06.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hansen AC, Zhang Q, Lyne PWL (2010) Ethanol – diesel fuel blends –– a review. Bioresour Tech 96(3):277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.04.007
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hoseini SS, Sobati MA (2019) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine operating on different water in diesel emulsion fuels: optimization using response surface methodology (RSM). Front Energy 13(4):636–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11708-019-0646-7
Article Google Scholar
Hussain Vali R, Marouf Wani M (2020) Optimal utilization of ZnO nanoparticles blended diesel-water emulsion by varying compression ratio of a VCR diesel engine. J Environ Chem Eng 8(4):103884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103884
Article CAS Google Scholar
Hussain Vali R et al (2022) Optimization of variable compression ratio diesel engine fueled with Zinc oxide nanoparticles and biodiesel emulsion using response surface methodology. Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124290
Article Google Scholar
Ileri E, Karaoglan AD, Atmanli A (2013) Response surface methodology based prediction of engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with canola oil methyl ester. J Renewable Sustain Energy. https://doi.org/10.1063/14811801
Article Google Scholar
Isaac APIJ, Pradeep PA (2019) An assessment on the nanoparticles-dispersed aloe vera biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine. Arab J Sci Eng 44(9):7457–7463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-03781-2
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jaichandar S, Annamalai K (2011) The Status of biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engine – an overview. J Sustain Energy Environ 2:71–75
Google Scholar
Janakiraman S et al (2020) Comparative behavior of various nano additives in a DIESEL engine powered by novel Garcinia gummi-gutta biodiesel. J Clean Prod 245:118940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118940
Article CAS Google Scholar
Jindal S (2011) Experimental investigation of the effect of compression ratio and injection pressure in a direct injection diesel engine running on Karanj methyl ester. Int J Sustain Energ 30(SUPPL. 1):37–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2011.598936
Article Google Scholar
Kandasamy SK, Selvaraj AS, Rajagopal TKR (2019) Experimental investigations of ethanol blended biodiesel fuel on automotive diesel engine performance, emission and durability characteristics. Renew Energy 141:411–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.04.039
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kegl T et al (2021) Nanomaterials as fuel additives in diesel engines: a review of current state, opportunities, and challenges. Progr Energy Combust Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100897
Article Google Scholar
Kumar S, Palanisamy A, Rajangam S (2020) Environmental effects experimental investigation to identify the effect of nanoparticles based diesel fuel in VCR engine. Energy Sour, Part a: Recovery, Utiliz Environ Effects 00(00):1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1778142
Article CAS Google Scholar
Kumar N et al (2022) Higher alcohols as diesel engine fuel. Green Energy Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2648-7_7
Article Google Scholar
Kumar A, Pali HS, Kumar M (2022) Effect of injection timing of waste plastic oil and its blends on CRDI diesel engine. Int J Engine Res. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680874221119131
Article Google Scholar
Manieniyan V et al (2020) Analysis on DI diesel engine with combined multi-walled carbon nanotubes and vegetable oil refinery waste as biodiesel. Arab J Sci Eng 45(11):9197–9211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04708-y
Article CAS Google Scholar
Markov VA, Biryukov VV, Kas’kov SI (2016) Ethanol used as an environmentally sustainable energy resource for thermal power plants. Therm Eng 63(9):628–635. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0040601516090044
Article CAS Google Scholar
Mehta RN, Chakraborty M, Parikh PA (2014) Nanofuels: Combustion, engine performance and emissions. Fuel 120:91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.12.008
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nanthagopal K et al (2020) A compressive review on the effects of alcohols and nanoparticles as an oxygenated enhancer in compression ignition engine’. Energy Convers Manage 203:112244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.112244
Article CAS Google Scholar
Nouri M, Isfahani AHM, Shirneshan A (2021) Effects of Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ nanoparticle-diesel fuel blends on the combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine. Clean Technol Environ Policy 23(8):2265–2284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-021-02134-8
Article CAS Google Scholar
Özer S (2020) The effect of diesel fuel-tall oil/ethanol/methanol/isopropyl/n-butanol/fusel oil mixtures on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Fuel 281(June):118671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118671
Article CAS Google Scholar
Pali HS et al (2022) Optimization of long-term storage stability of Kusum biodiesel using herbal anti-oxidant. Biomass Conver Biorefin. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13399-022-02444-X
Article Google Scholar
Prashanth PA et al (2015) Synthesis, characterizations, antibacterial and photoluminescence studies of solution combustion-derived α-Al₂O₃ nanoparticles. J Asian Ceramic Societ 3(3):345–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jascer.2015.07.001
Article Google Scholar
Praveen A, Rao GLN, Balakrishna B (2018) Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum biodiesel blends with TiO₂ nanoadditives and EGR. Egypt J Pet 27(4):731–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.10.008
Article Google Scholar
Purushothaman P, Masimalai S, Subramani V (2021) Effective utilization of mahua oil blended with optimum amount of Al₂O₃ and TiO₂ nanoparticles for better performance in CI engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28(10):11893–11903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07926-x
Article CAS Google Scholar
Raheman H, Ghadge SV (2008) Performance of diesel engine with biodiesel at varying compression ratio and ignition timing. Fuel 87(12):2659–2666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2008.03.006
Article CAS Google Scholar
Rakopoulos CD et al (2008) Multi-zone modeling of combustion and emissions formation in DI diesel engine operating on ethanol-diesel fuel blends. Energy Convers Manage 49(4):625–643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2007.07.035
Article CAS Google Scholar
Reddy PN, Naqash JA (2019) Development of high early strength in concrete incorporating alccofine and non-chloride accelerator. SN Appl Sci 1(7):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-0790-z
Article CAS Google Scholar
Reddy SNK, Wani MM (2020) A comprehensive review on effects of nanoparticles-antioxidant additives-biodiesel blends on performance and emissions of diesel engine. Appl Sci Eng Progr 13(4):285–298. https://doi.org/10.14416/J.ASEP.2020.06.002
Article Google Scholar
Rosha P et al (2019) Effect of compression ratio on combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of compression ignition engine fueled with palm (B20)biodiesel blend. Energy 178:676–684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.185
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sakthivel R et al (2019) Prediction of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fuelled with waste biomass pyrolysis oil using response surface methodology. Renew Energy 136:91–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.12.109
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sandalci T et al (2014) An experimental investigation of ethanol-diesel blends on performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engines. Adv Mech Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/409739
Article Google Scholar
Sarabia LA et al (2009) Comprehensive chemometrics. Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452701-1.00083-1
Book Google Scholar
Sayin C (2010) Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol-diesel blends. Fuel 89(11):3410–3415. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2010.02.017
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sharma A et al (2021) Application of response surface methodology to optimize diesel engine parameters fuelled with pongamia biodiesel/diesel blends. Energy Sour, Part a: Recov, Utilizat Environ Effects 43(2):133–144. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1623949
Article CAS Google Scholar
Sharma A et al (2022) Study the effect of optimized input parameters on a CRDI diesel engine running with waste frying oil methyl ester-diesel blend fuel with ZnO nanoparticles: a response surface methodology approach. Biomass Conver Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/S13399-021-02158-6
Article Google Scholar
Simsek S, Uslu S (2020a) Determination of a diesel engine operating parameters powered with canola, safflower and waste vegetable oil based biodiesel combination using response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel 270(January):117496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117496
Article CAS Google Scholar
Simsek S, Uslu S (2020b) Investigation of the effects of biodiesel/2-ethylhexyl nitrate (EHN) fuel blends on diesel engine performance and emissions by response surface methodology (RSM). Fuel 275(April):118005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118005
Article CAS Google Scholar
Singh Y et al (2022) Effect of nanoparticles as additives to the biofuels and their feasibility assessment on the engine performance and emission analysis—A review. Proceed Instit Mech Eng, Part E J Process Mech Eng,. https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089221109723
Article Google Scholar
Singh Pali H et al (2021) Biodiesel yield and properties optimization from Kusum oil by RSM. Fuel 291:120218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120218
Article CAS Google Scholar
Singh Pali H et al (2023) Enhancement of combustion characteristics of waste cooking oil biodiesel using TiO₂ nanofluid blends through RSM. Fuel. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125681
Article Google Scholar
Sivaramakrishnan K (2018) Investigation on performance and emission characteristics of a variable compression multi fuel engine fuelled with Karanja biodiesel–diesel blend. Egypt J Pet 27(2):177–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2017.03.001
Article Google Scholar
Soudagar MEM et al (2020) Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel – diesel fuel blend. Scient Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72150-z
Article Google Scholar
Soudagar MEM et al (2021) Effect of Sr@ZnO nanoparticles and Ricinus communis biodiesel-diesel fuel blends on modified CRDI diesel engine characteristics Energy. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Google Scholar
Srinidhi C et al (2021) RSM based parameter optimization of CI engine fuelled with nickel oxide dosed Azadirachta indica methyl ester. Energy 234:121282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.121282
Article CAS Google Scholar
Suresh V, Amirthagadeswaran KS (2015) Combustion and performance characteristics of water-in-diesel emulsion fuel. Energy Sour, Part a: Recov, Utiliz Environ Effect 37(18):2020–2028. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2015.1072605
Article CAS Google Scholar
Thodda G, Madhavan VR, Thangavelu L (2020) Environmental effects predictive modelling and optimization of performance and emissions of acetylene fuelled CI engine using ANN and RSM predictive modelling and optimization of performance and. Energy Sour, Part a: Recov, Utiliz Environ Effect. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2020.1829191
Article Google Scholar
Tutak W et al (2015) Alcohol-diesel fuel combustion in the compression ignition engine. Fuel 154(2015):196–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.071
Article CAS Google Scholar
Tyagi H et al (2008) Increased hot-plate ignition probability for nanoparticle-laden diesel fuel. Nano Lett 8(5):1410–1416. https://doi.org/10.1021/nl080277d
Article CAS PubMed ADS Google Scholar
Vellaiyan S (2020) Enhancement in combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a biodiesel-fueled diesel engine by using water emulsion and nanoadditive. Renew Energy 145:2108–2120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.140
Article CAS Google Scholar
Venu H, Raju VD, Subramani L (2019) Combined effect of influence of nano additives, combustion chamber geometry and injection timing in a DI diesel engine fuelled with ternary (diesel-biodiesel-ethanol) blends. Energy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2019.02.163
Article Google Scholar
Venugopal P, Kasimani R, Chinnasamy S (2018) Prediction and optimization of CI engine performance fuelled with Calophyllum inophyllum diesel blend using response surface methodology (RSM). Environ Sci Pollut Res 25(25):24829–24844. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2519-8
Article Google Scholar
Verma S et al (2019) ‘The effects of compression ratio and EGR on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel-biogas dual fuel engine.’ Appl Therm Eng 150:1090–1103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.01.080
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yahuza I, Dandakauta H (2015) A performance review of ethanol-diesel blended fuel samples in compression-ignition engine. J Chem Eng Process Technol. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7048.1000256
Article Google Scholar
Yilmaz N et al (2014) Investigation of CI engine emissions in biodiesel-ethanol-diesel blends as a function of ethanol concentration. Fuel 115:790–793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.08.012
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yilmaz N et al (2016) Predicting the engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with hazelnut oil methyl ester: the performance comparison of response surface methodology and LSSVM. J Energy Resour Technol, Trans ASME 138(5):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4032941
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yusof SNA et al (2021) A comprehensive review of the influences of nanoparticles as a fuel additive in an internal combustion engine (ICE). Nanotechnol Rev 9(1):1326–1349. https://doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2020-0104
Article CAS Google Scholar
Yusri IM et al (2017) Application of response surface methodology in optimization of performance and exhaust emissions of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in SI engine. Energy Convers Manage 133(2017):178–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.12.001
Article CAS Google Scholar
Zhang Z et al (2021) Effects of different diesel-ethanol dual fuel ratio on performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine. Processes 9(7):1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9071135
Article CAS Google Scholar

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge National Institute of Technology Srinagar for providing the technical support and guidance for this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Mallareddy College of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500100, India
R. H. Vali
Renewable Energy and Alternative Fuel Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Srinagar, Srinagar, J&K, 190006, India
H. S. Pali, M. M. Ahmed, A. K. Singh & A. Kumar
Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology, Chapra, Bihar, 841301, India
A. Sharma

Authors

R. H. Vali
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
H. S. Pali
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
M. M. Ahmed
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
A. K. Singh
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
A. Kumar
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar
A. Sharma
View author publications
You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. M. Ahmed.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: PF Rupani

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 24 KB)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vali, R.H., Pali, H.S., Ahmed, M.M. et al. Predictive modelling through RSM for diesel engine using Al₂O₃ nanoparticles fuel blends. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 4935–4956 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05317-6

Download citation