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The effects of energy efficiency, renewable energy and tourism development on the environment in Sub-Sahara Africa

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Abstract

Carbon emission (CE) is a major problem that has long caused great worry to world countries and world leaders. The United Nations (UN) brought the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), aimed at achieving the carbon neutrality goal by 2030. CE is the major cause of global warming, diseases, and droughts. Various studies have been done, to examine the factors that exacerbate CE, including those factors that reduce it. Among the major factors that promote CE, tourism development has been largely blamed, but quite a few studies have been done to ascertain its impact. This research aims to ascertain the influence of tourism development and energy efficiency (EE) on CE, a study that has not been widely done, hence the originality of the research. The research also employs a large panel data set of 48 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations from 1990 to 2020. Cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributive lag (CS-ARDL) method, which is strong when dynamics, cross-sectional dependence (CD) and heterogeneity are present, and the dynamic panel data technique, which is strong over endogeneity are employed, hence robust outcomes are given. The research findings show that, EE and renewable energy (RE) negatively affect CE, while non-renewable energy (NRE) and economic growth (EG) positively affect CE. However, tourism arrivals do not affect CE in the SSA countries. Therefore, the use of fossil fuel should be discouraged, while RE consumption and EE should be promoted.

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Fig. 1

(Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration)

Fig. 2

(Source: Author’s own illustration)

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Data and materials availability

The data used in this paper is secondary data and were retrieved from the World Bank https://data.worldbank.org/.

Abbreviations

ARDL:

Autoregressive distributive lag

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CE:

Carbon emissions

CS-ARDL:

Cross sectionally augmented autoregressive lag

CD:

Cross-sectional dependence

DPD:

Dynamic panel data

EE:

Energy efficiency

EG:

Economic growth

EU:

Energy use

EKC:

Environmental Kuznets Curve

FDI:

Foreign direct investment

GMM:

Generalized method of moments

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

GDP:

Gross domestic product

NRE:

Non-renewable energy

OECD:

Organization of economic community development

OLS:

Ordinary least squares

RE:

Renewable energy

SG:

Second-generation

SSA:

Sub-Saharan African

SS:

Sub-Saharan

SDGs:

Sustainable development goals

TOR:

Tourism development

U.S.:

United States

VEC:

Vector error correction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Economics Department, Near East University, 99138, Nicosia, Cyprus

    A. Deka

  2. Tourism and Hotel Management Department, Bahçeşehir Cyprus University, 99200, Nicosia, Cyprus

    C. Banga

  3. School of Health and Society–Social Work, University of Salford, Manchester, M5 4WT, UK

    S. Rukani

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AD: Conceptualization, Methodology, Writing—original draft, Software, Supervision. CB: Data curation, Visualization, Investigation. SR: Writing – review, Editing.

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Deka, A., Banga, C. & Rukani, S. The effects of energy efficiency, renewable energy and tourism development on the environment in Sub-Sahara Africa. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 3649–3660 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-05237-5

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