Abstract
In this study, the adsorption of methylene blue by orthophosphoric acid-modified Solanum macrocarpon calyx activated carbon was investigated. This adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The impacts of pH, point of zero charge, initial dye concentration, the mass of biomass, contact time, and temperature on the adsorption of methylene blue by modified Solanum macrocarpon calyx activated carbon were determined. Analyses of the equilibrium data were done using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Raduskevich models. The Langmuir model gave the best fit for describing the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 53.4 mg/g. Pseudo-second-order kinetic model was preferred to the pseudo-first-order model in explaining the adsorption kinetic process. Calculation of thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy change ΔH, free energy change ΔG, and entropy change ΔS from experimental data showed that the adsorption process was exothermic, spontaneous, and also resulted in an increase in the distribution of the adsorption energy of the system at the adsorbate–adsorbent interface. The cost analysis showed that Solanum macrocarpon activated carbon ($37.73/kg) is eight times cheaper than commercial activated carbon ($259.4/kg). The modified Solanum macrocarpon is thus a recommendable adsorbent for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and materials availability
The data generated or analyzed during this study are available on request.
Code availability
None.
References
Abdur-Rahman FB, Akter M, Zainab AM (2013) Dyes removal from textile wastewater using orange peels. Int J Sci Technol Res 2:47–50
Adegoke KA, Oyewole RO, Lasisi BM, Bello OS (2017) Abatement of organic pollutants using fly ash-based adsorbents. Water Sci Technol 76:2580–2592. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.437
Ai L, Zhang C, Liao Z, Wang Y, Li M, Meng L, Jiang J (2011) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution with magnetite loaded multi-wall carbon nanotube: kinetic, isotherm and mechanism analysis. J Hazard Mater 198:282–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.10.041
Ajaelu CJ, Faboro EO (2021) Adsorption of copper (II) ions onto raw Globimetula oreophila (Afomo ori koko) leaves. Afr J Biotech 20(3):122–133. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2020.17247
Ajaelu CJ, Nwosu V, Ibironke L, Adeleye A (2017) Adsorptive removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution using chemically modified African Border Tree (Newbouldia laevis) bark. J Appl Sci Environ Manage 21:1323–1329. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v21i7.18
Alao O, Ajaelu C, Ayeni O (2014) Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of zinc(II) ions on Carica papaya root powder. Res. J. Chem. Sci 4:32–38
Amode JO, Santos JH, MdAlam Z, Mirza AH, Mei CC (2016) Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution using untreated and treated (Metroxylon spp.) waste adsorbent: equilibrium and kinetic studies. Int J Ind Chem 7:333–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-016-0085-9
Asmat A, Muhammad B, Romana K, Robina F, Maria S (2018) Ultrasound-assisted adsorption of phenol from aqueous solution by using spent black tea leaves. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:22920–22930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2186-9
Auta M, Hammed BH (2011) Preparation of waste tea activated carbon using potassium acetate as an activating agent for adsorption of acid blue 25 dye. Chem Eng J 171(2):502–509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.04.017
Bello OS, Adegoke KA, Sarumi OO, Lameed OS (2019) Functionalized locust bean pod (Parkia biglobosa) activated carbon for Rhodamine B dye removal. Heliyon 5:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02323
Boadu KO, Joel OF, Essumang DK, Evbuomwan BO (2018) Comparative studies of the physicochemical properties and heavy metals adsorption capacity of chemical activated carbon from palm kernel, coconut and groundnut shells. J Appl Sci Environ Manag 22:1833–1839. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v22i11.19
Boumediene M, Benaïssa H, George B, Molina S, Merlin A (2018) Effects of pH and ionic strength on methylene blue removal from synthetic aqueous solutions by sorption onto orange peel and desorption study. J Mater Environ Sci, 9:1700–1711. http://www.jmaterenvironsci.com
Brião GV, Jahn SL, Foletto EL, Dotto GL (2018) Highly efficient and reusable mesoporous zeolite synthetized from a biopolymer for cationic dyes adsorption. Coll Surf 556:43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.08.019
Chen J, Zhang L, Yang G, Wang Q, Li R, Lucia LA (2017) Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from hydrochar by phosphoric acid activation and its adsorption performance in prehydrolysis liquor. BioResource 12(3):5928–5941. http://ncsu.edu/bioresources
Derakhshan Z, Baghapour MA, Ranjbar M, Faramarzian M (2013) Adsorption of Methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by modified pumice stone: kinetics and equilibrium studies. Health Scope 2:136–144. https://doi.org/10.17795/jhealthscope-12492
Diao Y, Walawender WP, Fan LT (2002) Activated carbons prepared from phosphoric acid activation of grain sorghum. Bioresour Technol 81:45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00100-6
Dubinin MM, Zaverina E, Radushkevich L (1947) Sorption and structure of active carbons. I. Adsorption of organic vapors. Zh Fiz Khim 21:151–162
El-Wakil AM, Abou El-Maaty WM, Al-Ridha AA (2015) Methylene blue dye removal from aqueous solution using several solid stationary phases prepared from Papyrus plant. J Anal Bioanal Tech S13. https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-9872.S13-003
Fito J, Abrham S, Angassa K (2020) Adsorption of methylene blue from textile industrial wastewater onto activated carbon of Parthenium hysterophorus. Int J Environ Res 14:501–511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41742-020-00273-2
Gedam VV, Raut P, Chahand A, Pathak P (2019) Kinetic, thermodynamics and equilibrium studies on the removal of congo red dye using activated teak leaf powder. Appl Water Sci 9:55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0933-9
Girgis BS, El- Hendawy AA (2002) Porosity development in activated carbons obtained from date pits under chemical activation with phosphoric acid. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 52:105–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1387-1811(01)00481-4
Guarín JR, Moreno-Pirajan JC, Giraldo L (2018) Kinetic study of the biosorption of methylene blue on the surface of the biomass obtained from the Algae D. antarctica. J Chem 2018:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2124845
Guo J, Lua AC (2003) Adsorption of sulphur dioxide unto activated carbon prepared from oil-palm shells with and without pre-impregnation. Sep Purif Technol 30:265–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5866(02)00166-1
Hameed BH, Mahmoud DK, Ahmad AL (2008) Equilibrium modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye by a low-cost adsorbent: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste. J Hazard Mater 158:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.034
Han XL, Wang W, Ma XJ (2011) Adsorption characteristics of methylene blue on poplar leaf in batch mode: equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics. Chem Eng J 171:1
Hassan MM, Carr CM (2018) A critical review on recent advancements of the removal of reactive dyes from dye house effluent by ion-exchange adsorbents. Chemosphere 209:201–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.043
Jawad AH, Abdulhameed AS, Mastuli MS (2020) Acid-factionalized biomass material for methylene blue dye removal: comprehensive adsorption and mechanism study. J Taibah Univ Sci 14(1):305–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/16583655.2020.1736767
Karthikeyan G, Anbalagan K, Andal NM (2004) Adsorption dynamics and equilibrium studies of Zn (II) onto chitosan. J Chem Sci 116:119–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02708205
Khan EA, Shahjahan, Khan TA (2018) Adsorption of methyl red on activated carbon derived from custard apple (Annonasquamosa) fruit shell: equilibrium isotherm and kinetic studies. J Mol Liq 249:1195–1211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.125
Lellis B, Fávaro-Polonio CZ, Pamphile JA, Polonio JC (2019) Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms. Biotechnol Res Innov 3:275–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biori.2019.09.001
Luo Y, Li D, Chen YS, Cao X, Liu Q (2019) The performance of phosphoric acid in the preparation of activated carbon-containing phosphorus species from rice husk residue. J Mater Sci 54:5008–5021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-018-03220-x
Million M, Belisti L (2014) Removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solution by biosorption onto untreated Parthenium hystrophorus weed. Mod Chem Appl 2:1–5
Mubarak NM, Fo YT, Al-Salim HS, Sahu JN, Abdullah EC, Nizamuddin S, Jayakumar NS, Ganesan PR (2015) Removal of Methylene blue and orange G from wastewater using magnetic biochar. Int J Nanosci 14:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219581X1550009X
Mubarak NSA, Jawad AH, Nawawi WI (2017) Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies of reactive red 120 dye adsorption by chitosan beads from aqueous solution. Energy Ecol Environ 2:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40974-016-0027-6
Nethaji S, Sivasamy S, Mandal AB (2013) Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and mechanism for the adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes onto carbonaceous particles prepared from Juglansregia shell biomass. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10:231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0112-0
Ojedokun AT, Bello OS (2017) Kinetic modeling of liquid-phase adsorption of congo red dye using guava leaf-based activated carbon. Appl Water Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0375-y
Ouadjenia-Marouf F, Marouf R, Schott J, Yahiaoui A (2013) Removal of Cu(II), Cd(II) and Cr(III) ions from aqueous solution by dam silt. Arab J Chem 6:401–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.018
Pandey P, Singh L, Iyengar I (2007) Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 59:73–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2006.08.006
Rafatullah M, Sulaiman O, Hashim R, Ahmad A (2009) Adsorption of copper (II), chromium (III), nickel (II), and lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions by meranti sawdust. J Hazard Mater 170:969–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.05.066
Rebitanim NZ, Ghani WA, Mahmoud DK, Rebitanim NA, Salleh MA (2012) Adsorption capacity of raw empty fruit bunch biomass onto methylene Blue dye in aqueous solution. J Purity Util React Environ 1:45–60
Sheng J, Xie Y, Zhou Y (2009) Adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution on pyrophyllite. Appl Clay Sci 46:422–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2009.10.006
Silva F, Nascimento L, Brito M, DaSilva K, Paschoal W, Fujiyama R (2019) Biosorption of methylene blue dye using natural biosorbents made from weeds. Materials (basel) 12:2486. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12152486
Singh K, Kumar P, Srivastava R (2017) An overview of textile dyes and their removal techniques: Indian perspective. Pollut Res 36:790–799
Sonawane G, Shrivastava V (2011) Orange-II removal from simulated wastewater by adsorption using Annona squamosa shell–a kinetic and equilibrium studies, Desalin. Water Treat 36:374–382. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2011.2247
Tang R, Dai C, Li C, Liu W, Gao S, Wang C (2017) Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution using agricultural residue walnut shell: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. J Chem. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8404965
Venersson T, Bonelli PR, Cerella EG, Cukierman AL (2002) Arundo donax cane as a precursor for activated carbons preparation by phosphoric acid activation. Biores Technol 83:95–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00205-X
Yavuz O, Saka C (2013) Surface modification with cold plasma application on Kaolin and its effects on the adsorption of methylene blue. Appl Clay Sci 85:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2013.09.011
Zhang Y, Huang G, An C, Xin X, Liu X, Raman M, Yao Y, Wang W, Doble M (2017) Transport of anionic azo dyes from aqueous solution to gemini surfactant-modified wheat bran: synchrotron infrared, molecular interaction and adsorption studies. Sci Total Environ. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.031
Zhao J, Huang Q, Liu M, Dai Y, Chen J, Huang H, Wen Y, Zhu X, Zhang X, Wei Y (2017) Synthesis of functionalized MgAl-layered double hydroxides via modified mussel-inspired chemistry and their application in organic dye adsorption. J Colloid Interf Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.087
Zheng H, Liu D, Zheng Y, Liang S, Liu Z (2009) Sorption isotherm and kinetic modeling of aniline on Cr-bentonite. J Hazard Mater 167:141–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.093
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this work.
Funding
No fund was received for this research work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization was performed by [CJA]; methodology by [CJA]; formal analysis and investigation by [AOA, CJA]; writing—original draft preparation—by [AOA]; writing—review and editing—by [CJA]; resources—by [CJA, AOA]; supervision by [CJA].
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of the second author, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Consent to participate
The authors agree to participate in this article.
Consent for publication
The authors agree to publish this article.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Sivakumar Durairaj.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Ajaelu, C.J., Adetoye, O.A. Liquid-phase adsorption of methylene blue on functionalized Solanum macrocarpon calyx activated carbon: kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 3953–3964 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04829-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-023-04829-5