Abstract
Urban sprawl leads to an increase in distance traveled, time, and dependence on private vehicles, mainly motorcycles, in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. This study aimed to investigate the on-road particulate matter exposure levels under a scenario of urban expansion. On-road particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and PM2.5–10) concentrations were measured on different road types from the fringe urban areas to the inner-city districts. A real-time and portable monitor was utilized to measure the on-road particulate matter concentrations during two periods (morning rush hours and afternoon non-rush hours) in July 2020. The results showed that commuters traveling on suburban roads were significantly exposed to higher exposure levels of particulate matter than those on urban roads. The highest particulate matter concentrations were obtained on suburban roads with the most rapid urbanization. During the morning rush hours, substantially high particulate matter concentrations were found when commuting from the fringe areas to the inner-city districts compared to the opposite direction (i.e., inner city to suburban). In a multivariate model for PM2.5, temperature and urban ambient concentration explained 79.1% of the on-road PM2.5 variation. In conclusion, residents living in the urban fringe areas were exposed to high on-road particulate matter concentrations when they took trips to the inner-city districts, especially if the distance traveled and time were accounted for. Therefore, for long commutes in Ho Chi Minh City, our findings suggest that commuters should use public transport such as buses instead of private motorcycles to protect human health.
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The datasets generated during and analyzed during the study are available from the corresponding author on request.
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Acknowledgements
This research is supported by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant Number 03/2020/STS01.
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DHH contributed to conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing, funding acquisition. TTH contributed to conceptualization, writing—review and editing, supervision, resources. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
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Huy, D.H., Hien, T.T. & Nam, N.X.T. On-road particulate matter exposure in urban sprawl scenarios in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 10099–10112 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04689-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04689-5