Abstract
More than a third of oil and gas comes from offshore sources. However, there are no systematic assessments of the environmental effects resulting from coastal offshore support facilities. This article presents aerosol and gas data from Caraguatatuba, Brazil, a coastal region impacted by marine and continental emissions. Samples of acid gases (SO2, HNO3, HCl, acetic, and formic), ammonia, and aerosol in coarse (> 3.5 µm) and fine (< 3.5 µm) fractions were collected at sea level (SPESM) and on a height of 720 m (PAS). A concentration of five main species in fine particles decreases in the following order: SO42− > NH4+ > K+ > NO3− > C2O42− (SPESM) and SO42− > NO3− > NH4+ > Na+ > K+ (PAS). The fine aerosol is enriched with nitrate and sodium during transport from the coast to the continent. For coarse particles, the concentration of five main species decreases in the following order: Cl− > Na+ > SO42− > NO3− > Ca2+ (SPESM) and NO3− > Na+ > Cl− > SO42− > Ca2+ (PAS). Nitrate composition increases, and chloride composition decreases during transport to the plateau. At SPESM, HNO3 has an important role in the new nucleation particles. The formation of NH4NO3 through a reaction between NH3 and HNO3 is favored at high ammonia and nitric acid concentrations and low sulfate concentrations. Sea salt aerosol (SSA) absorbs HNO3 and emits HCl to the gas phase. At PAS, The particle acidity of SSA aged releases HCl to the gas phase. These aging processes are essential in understanding the sinks gases and atmospheric aerosol formation and their role in regional atmosphere acidity.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Allen AG, Davison BM, James JD et al (2002) Influence of transport over a mountain ridge on the chemical composition of marine aerosols during the ACE-2 Hillcloud experiment. J Atmos Chem 41:83–107. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013868729960
Allen AG, Cardoso AA, Da Rocha GO (2004) Influence of sugar cane burning on aerosol soluble ion composition in Southeastern Brazil. Atmos Environ 38:5025–5038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.019
Allen AG, Cardoso AA, Wiatr AG et al (2010) Influence of intensive agriculture on dry deposition of aerosol nutrients. J Braz Chem Soc 41:83–107. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532010000100014
Altieri KE, Hastings MG, Peters AJ et al (2014) Isotopic evidence for a marine ammonium source in rainwater at Bermuda. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 28:1066–1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004809
Behera SN, Sharma M, Aneja VP, Balasubramanian R (2013) Ammonia in the atmosphere: a review on emission sources, atmospheric chemistry and deposition on terrestrial bodies. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:8092–8131. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-2051-9
Bondy AL, Wang B, Laskin A et al (2017) Inland sea spray aerosol transport and incomplete chloride depletion: varying degrees of reactive processing observed during SOAS. Environ Sci Technol 51:9533–9542. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.7b02085
Brown SS, Ryerson TB, Wollny AG et al (2006) Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide and its role in regional air quality. Science (80-) 311:67–70. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1120120
Calvo AI, Alves C, Castro A et al (2013) Research on aerosol sources and chemical composition: past, current and emerging issues. Atmos Res 120:1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.021
Capaldo K, Corbett JJ, Kasibhatla P et al (1999) Effects of ship emissions on sulphur cycling and radiative climate forcing over the ocean. Nature 400:743–746. https://doi.org/10.1038/23438
Carpenter LJ, Nightingale PD (2015) Chemistry and release of gases from the surface ocean. Chem Rev 115:4015–4034. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5007123
Cesari D, Benedetto GE, Bonasoni P, Busetto M, Dinoi A, Merico E, Chirizzi D, Cristofanelli P, Donateo A et al (2018) Seasonal variability of PM2.5 and PM10 composition and sources in an urban background site in Southern Italy. Sci Total Environ 612:202–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.230
CETESB (2020) Qualidade do Ar. Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo. https://cetesb.sp.gov.br/ar/wp-content/uploads/sites/28/2021/05/Relatorio-de-Qualidade-do-Ar-no-Estado-de-Sao-Paulo-2020.pdf (in Portuguese). Accessed 28 Sept 2021
Chebbi A, Carlier P (1996) Carboxylic acids in the troposphere, occurrence, sources, and sinks: a review. Atmos Environ 30:4233–4249. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00102-1
CIIAGRO (2016) Centro Integrado de Informações Agrometeorológicas. http://www.ciiagro.sp.gov.br/ciiagroonline/ (in Portuguese). Accessed 20 Aug 2016
Crawford J, Cohen DD, Chambers SD et al (2019) Impact of aerosols of sea salt origin in a coastal basin: Sydney, Australia. Atmos Environ 207:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.03.018
da Rocha GO, Allen AG, Cardoso AA (2005) Influence of agricultural biomass burning on aerosol size distribution and dry deposition in southeastern Brazil. Environ Sci Technol 39:5293–5301. https://doi.org/10.1021/es048007u
Dalsøren SB, Endresen Ø, Isaksen ISA et al (2007) Environmental impacts of the expected increase in sea transportation, with a particular focus on oil and gas scenarios for Norway and northwest Russia. J Geophys Res Atmos 112:2. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006927
Farmer DK, Cappa CD, Kreidenweis SM (2015) Atmospheric processes and their controlling influence on cloud condensation nuclei activity. Chem Rev 115:4199–4217. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5006292
Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN (2000) Chemistry of the upper and lower atmosphere: theory, experiments, and applications. Academic Press, San Diego
Ghosh A, Roy A, Das SK et al (2020) Identification of most preferable reaction pathways for chloride depletion from size segregated sea-salt aerosols: a study over high altitude Himalaya, tropical urban metropolis and tropical coastal mangrove forest in eastern India. Chemosphere 245:125673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125673
Grosjean D (1988) Aldehydes, carboxylic acids and inorganic nitrate during NSMCS. Atmos Environ 22:1637–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(88)90391-5
Gutierrez FB, Eslava Martins S, Honscha LC et al (2020) Is there something in the air? Sources, concentrations and ionic composition of particulate matter (PM2.5) in an industrial coastal city in Southern Brazil. Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04611-0
Hegg DA, Radke LF, Hobbs PV (1990) Particle production associated with marine clouds. J Geophys Res Atmos 95:13917–13926. https://doi.org/10.1029/JD095iD09p13917
Heintz F, Platt U, Flentje H, Dubois R (1996) Long-term observation of nitrate radicals at the Tor Station, Kap Arkona (Rügen). J Geophys Res 101:22891–22910. https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01549
Huang X, Qiu R, Chan CK, Kant PR (2011) Evidence of high PM2.5 strong acidity in ammonia-rich atmosphere of Guangzhou, China: transition in pathways of ambient ammonia to form aerosol ammonium at [NH4+]/[SO42-]=1.5. Atmos Res 99:488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.021
Ianniello A, Spataro F, Esposito G et al (2011) Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM2.5 in the atmosphere of Beijing (China). Atmos Chem Phys 11:10803–10822. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10803-2011
IBGE (2021) Cidades e estados. SP. Caraguatatuba. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Cidades e estados. SP. Caraguatatuba.https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/sp/caraguatatuba.html (in Portuguese). Accessed 16 Feb 2021
Jacob DJ, Winner DA (2009) Effect of climate change on air quality. Atmos Environ 43:51–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.09.051
Javed W, Guo B (2021) Chemical characterization and source apportionment of fine and coarse atmospheric particulate matter in Doha, Qatar. Atmos Pollut Res 12:122–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2020.10.015
Johansen AM, Hoffmann MR (2004) Chemical characterization of ambient aerosol collected during the northeast monsoon season over the Arabian Sea: anions and cations. J Geophys Res Atmos 109:13. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004111
Kagawa M, Katsuta N, Ishizaka Y (2021) Chemical characteristics of cloud water and sulfate production under excess hydrogen peroxide in a high mountainous region of Central Japan. Water Air Soil Pollut. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05099-y
Khare P, Kumar N, Kumari KM, Srivastava SS (1999) Atmospheric formic and acetic acids: an overview. Rev Geophys 37:227–248. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998RG900005
Kirpes RM, Bondy AL, Bonanno D et al (2018) Secondary sulfate is internally mixed with sea spray aerosol and organic aerosol in the winter Arctic. Atmos Chem Phys 18:3937–3949. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-3937-2018
Kong S, Wen B, Chen K, Yin Y, Li L, Li Q, Yuan L, Li X, Sun X (2014) Ion chemistry for atmospheric size-segregated aerosol and depositions at an offshore site of Yangtze River Delta region, China. Atmos Res 147:205–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2014.05.018
Korhonen P, Kulmala M, Laaksonen A et al (1999) Ternary nucleation of H2SO4, HNO3 and H2O in the atmosphere. J Geophys Res 104:26349–26353. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900784
Kulmala M, Pirjola L, Makela JM (2000) Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature 404:66–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/35003550
Kulmala M, Kontkanen J, Junninen H et al (2013) Direct observations of atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Science (80-) 339:943–946. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227385
Kumar A, Sarin MM, Sudheer AK (2008) Mineral and anthropogenic aerosols in Arabian Sea—atmospheric boundary layer. Sources and spatial variability. Atmos Environ 42:5169–5181
Kurtenbach R, Vaupel K, Kleffmann J et al (2016) Emissions of NO, NO2 and PM from inland shipping. Atmos Chem Phys 16:14285–14295. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-14285-2016
Kušan AC, Kroflič A, Grgić I et al (2020) Chemical characterization of fine aerosols in respect to water-soluble ions at the eastern Middle Adriatic coast. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:10249–10264. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07617-7
Laakso L, Mäkelä JM, Pirjola L, Kulmala M (2002) Model studies on ion-induced nucleation in the atmosphere. J Geophys Res Atmos 107:AAC5-1-AAC5-19. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002140
Laongsgri B, Harrison RM (2013) Atmospheric behaviour of particulate oxalate at UK urban background and rural sites. Atmos Environ 71:319–326
Lemou A, Rabhi L, Merabet H et al (2020) Chemical characterization of fine particles (PM 2.5) at a coastal site in the South Western Mediterranean during the ChArMex experiment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:20427–20445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08168-7
Ljungström E, Hallquist M (1996) Nitrate radical formation rates in scandinavia. Atmos Environ 30:2925–2932. https://doi.org/10.1016/1352-2310(96)00006-4
Machado CMD, Cardoso AA, Allen AG (2008) Atmospheric emission of reactive nitrogen during biofuel ethanol production. Environ Sci Technol 42:381–385. https://doi.org/10.1021/es070384u
Mayer KJ, Wang X, Santander MV et al (2020) Secondary marine aerosol plays a dominant role over primary sea spray aerosol in cloud formation. ACS Cent Sci 6:2259–2266. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00793
Mendes P, Correia JAFO, Mourão A et al (2021) Fatigue assessments of a jacket-type offshore structure based on static and dynamic analyses. Pract Period Struct Des Constr 26:04020054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)sc.1943-5576.0000533
Navarro-Selma B, Clemente A, Nicolás JF et al (2022) Size segregated ionic species collected in a harbour area. Chemosphere 294:133693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133693
NOOA (2016) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html. Accessed 25 Aug 2016
O’Dowd CD, Smith MH, Consterdine IE, Lowe JA (1997) Marine aerosol, sea-salt, and the marine sulphur cycle: a short review. Atmos Environ 3:73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(96)00106-9
Oruc I (2022) Analyzing the wet and bulk deposition with receptor models in Kirklareli, Turkey. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:1601–1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03621-7
Paciga AL, Riipinen I, Pandis SN (2014) Effect of ammonia on the volatility of organic diacids. Environ Sci Technol 48:13769–13775
Peng Y, Suzuki M, Nguyen LK et al (2021) Presence and source attribution of airborne anthropogenic/non-sea-salt inorganic chloride determined by filter-pack method at Eastern Edge in East Asia. Water Air Soil Pollut 232:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05186-0
Petrobras (2021) Santos Basin. Petrobras. https://petrobras.com.br/en/our-activities/main-operations/basins/santos-basin.html. Accessed 14 Feb 2021
Plauškaitė K, Špirkauskaitė N, Byčenkienė S et al (2017) Characterization of aerosol particles over the southern and South-Eastern Baltic Sea. Mar Chem 190:13–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2017.01.003
Pokhrel R, Lee H (2011) Estimation of the effective zone of sea/land breeze in a coastal area. Atmos Pollut Res 2:106–115. https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2011.013
Police S, Sahu SK, Pandit GG (2016) Chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter and their source apportionment at an emerging industrial coastal city, Visakhapatnam, India. Atmos Pollut Res 7:725–733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2016.03.007
Prodi F, Belosi F, Contini D et al (2009) Aerosol fine fraction in the Venice Lagoon: particle composition and sources. Atmos Res 92:141–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.09.020
Quinn PK, Collins DB, Grassian VH et al (2015) Chemistry and related properties of freshly emitted sea spray aerosol. Chem Rev 115:4383–4399. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500713g
Romagnoli P, Vichi F, Balducci C et al (2017) Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24:25260–25275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0126-8
Saarikoski S, Reyes F, Vázquez Y et al (2019) Characterization of submicron aerosol chemical composition and sources in the coastal area of Central Chile. Atmos Environ 199:391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2018.11.040
Smith MH, O’Dowd CD (1996) Observations of accumulation mode aerosol composition and soot carbon concentrations by means of a high-temperature volatility technique. J Geophys Res Atmos 101:19583–19591. https://doi.org/10.1029/95jd01750
Souza ML, Allen AG, Cardoso AA (2017) Understanding aerosol formation mechanisms in a subtropical atmosphere impacted by biomass burning and agroindustry. Atmos Res 183:94–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.08.019
Squizzato S, Masiol M, Brunelli A, Pistollato S, Tarabotti E, Rampazzo G, Pavoni B (2013) Factors determining the formation of secondary inorganic aerosol: a case study in the Po Valley (Italy). Atmos Chem Phys 13:1927–1939
Sun J, Chen H, Mao J, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Wang L et al (2021) Secondary inorganic ions characteristics in PM2.5 along offshore and coastal areas of the megacity Shanghai. J Geophys Res Atmos. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035139
Tao Y, Ye X, Ma Z, Xie Y, Wang R, Chen J, Yang X, Jiang S (2016) Insights into different nitrate formation mechanisms from seasonal variations of secondary inorganic aerosols in Shanghai. Atmos Environ 145:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.09.012
Terlizzi A, Bevilacqua S, Scuderi D et al (2008) Effects of offshore platforms on soft-bottom macro-benthic assemblages: a case study in a Mediterranean gas field. Mar Pollut Bull 56:1303–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.04.024
Topographic-map (2020) Caraguatatuba. Topographic-map. https://pt-br.topographic-map.com/maps/g5ar/Caraguatatuba/. Accessed 20 May 2020
Transpetro (2021) Terminais Aquaviários. São Sebastião - SP. Transpetro. http://transpetro.com.br/transpetro-institucional/nossas-atividades/dutos-e-terminais/terminais-aquaviarios/sao-sebastiao-sp.htm (in Portuguese). Accessed 7 Sept 2021
Trueblood JV, Wang X, Or VW et al (2019) The old and the new: aging of sea spray aerosol and formation of secondary marine aerosol through OH oxidation reactions. ACS Earth Space Chem 3:2307–2314. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.9b00087
Viana M, Hammingh P, Colette A et al (2014) Impact of maritime transport emissions on coastal air quality in Europe. Atmos Environ 90:96–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.03.046
Von Schneidemesser E, Monks PS, Allan JD et al (2015) Chemistry and the linkages between air quality and climate change. Chem Rev 115:3856–3897. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00089
Wilson TRS (1975) Salinity and major elements of sea water. In: Riley OP, Skirrow G (eds) Chemical oceanography, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 365–413
Xia LL, Gao Y (2010) Chemical composition and size distribution of coastal aerosols observed on the US East Coast. Mar Chem 119:77–90
Xie RK, Jackson KA, Seip HM, McLeod CW, Wibetoe G, Schofield MJ, Anderson D, Hanssen JE (2009) Characteristics of water-soluble inorganic chemical components in size-resolved airborne particulate matters. J Environ Monit 11:336–343
Yang X, Wang X, Yang W et al (2016) Aircraft measurements of SO2, NOx, CO, and O3 over the coastal and offshore area of Yellow Sea of China. Environ Monit Assess 188:527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-016-5533-7
Yeung CW, Law BA, Milligan TG et al (2011) Analysis of bacterial diversity and metals in produced water, seawater and sediments from an offshore oil and gas production platform. Mar Pollut Bull 62:2095–2105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.07.018
Yoshizue M, Iwamoto Y, Adachi K et al (2019) Individual particle analysis of marine aerosols collected during the North-South transect cruise in the Pacific Ocean and its marginal seas. J Oceanogr 75:513–524. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10872-019-00519-4
Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S et al (2015) Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 115:3803–3855. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067
Zhou Y, Huang XH, Bian Q, Griffith SM, Louie PKK, Yu JZ (2015) Sources and atmospheric processes impacting oxalate at a suburban coastal site in Hong Kong: insights inferred from 1 year hourly measurements. J Geophys Res Atmos 120:9772–9788
Zhou J, Sai S, Ho H et al (2018a) Chemical characterization of PM 2.5 from a southern coastal city of China: applications of modeling and chemical tracers in demonstration of regional transport. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:20591–20605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2238-1
Zhou Q, Li J, Xu J et al (2018b) First long-term detection of paleo-oceanic signature of dust aerosol at the southern marginal area of the Taklimakan Desert. Sci Rep 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-25166-5
Zhuang H, Chan CK, Fang M, Wexler AS (1999) Formation of nitrate and non-sea-salt sulfate on coarse particles. Atmos Environ 33:4223–4233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00186-7
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the Brazilian agencies CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) and CNPq, (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for the fellowships and financial support, Grant Nos. 481505/2013-0 and 310065/2016-0 of this work. We are grateful to the NOAA Air Resources Laboratory for providing the HYSPLIT transport model and to CIIAGRO – IAC for providing meteorological data. We would also like to thank Parque Estadual Serra do Mar – Caraguatatuba, Instituto Florestal and Fazenda Alto da Serra, for the provision and installation of sampling stations.
Funding
Author A.A.C. has received financial support from CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) for this research, Grant Nos. 481505/2013-0 and 310065/2016-0, and author K.C.A.F has received fellowships from CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Senthil Kumar Ponnusamy.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Francisco, K.C.A., Costa, M.A.M. & Cardoso, A.A. Temporal variations, transport, and regional impacts of atmospheric aerosol and acid gases close to an oil and gas trading hub. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 5109–5122 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04341-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04341-2