Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Application in the optimization of Pb(II) adsorption by chitosan from produced water by using response surface methodology

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Produced water (PW) generated by the oil and gas industries is deemed the largest waste stream and contains a high toxic pollutant concentration. Hence, it is essential to eliminate or reduce its concentration to an acceptable level before discharge. The present study aims to optimize the reaction conditions in response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD) for lead removal from synthetic PW using commercially available chitosan as an adsorbent. A statistically significant model was developed for lead removal through regression analysis (R2 = 0.99). The highest predicted Pb(II) removal value at optimal conditions was 89.12%. The Pb(II) adsorption optimal values were at the following conditions; an adsorbent dose of 1.9 g/L, 4.5 pH, 4 mg/L of concentration, and 76 min of contact time. The results of adsorption isotherms and kinetics showed that data fitted well to Langmuir’s and kinetics Pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.99). The CCD based on RSM employed for the optimization via adsorption ensured maximum Pb(II) removal. This study could suggest a successful use of eco-friendly and cost-effective adsorbents for real PW treatment.

Graphical abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Afzal T, Isa MH, ul Mustafa MR (2018) Removal of organic pollutants from produced water using Fenton oxidation. In: Paper presented at the E3S web of conferences.

  • Al-Ghouti MA, Al-Kaabi MA, Ashfaq MY, Da’na, D. A. (2019) Produced water characteristics, treatment and reuse: a review. J WaTer Process Eng 28:222–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Aliabadi M, Irani M, Ismaeili J, Piri H, Parnian MJ (2013) Electrospun nanofiber membrane of PEO/Chitosan for the adsorption of nickel, cadmium, lead and copper ions from aqueous solution. Chem Eng J 220:237–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atangana E (2019) Adsorption of Zn (II) and Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution using chitosan cross-linked formaldehyde adsorbent to protect the environment. J Polym Environ 27(10):2281–2291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Babu DJ, King P, Kumar YP (2019) Optimization of Cu (II) biosorption onto sea urchin test using response surface methodology and artificial neural networks. Int J Environ Sci Technol 16(4):1885–1896

    Google Scholar 

  • Baloo L, Pendyala R, Kutty SRB (2020) Response surface methodology application in the optimization of Cd (II) removal from produced water by chitosan. In: Paper presented at the 2020 second international sustainability and resilience conference: technology and innovation in building designs (51154)

  • Chakraborty R, Asthana A, Singh AK, Jain B, Susan ABH (2020) Adsorption of heavy metal ions by various low-cost adsorbents: a review. Int J Environ Anal Chem, pp 1–38

  • Chen A-H, Liu S-C, Chen C-Y, Chen C-Y (2008) Comparative adsorption of Cu (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions in aqueous solution on the crosslinked chitosan with epichlorohydrin. J Hazard Mater 154(1–3):184–191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ebrahimi M, Willershausen D, Ashaghi KS, Engel L, Placido L, Mund P, Bolduan P, Czermak P (2010) Investigations on the use of different ceramic membranes for efficient oil-field produced water treatment. Desalination 250(3):991–996

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Maghrabi HH, Hosny R, Ramzi M, Fathy M (2017) Novel mesoporous silica (MCM-41) and its characterization for oil adsorption from produced water injected in water injection projects using fixed bed column processes. Desalin Water Treat 60:70–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fathy M, El-Sayed M, Ramzi M, Abdelraheem O (2018) Adsorption separation of condensate oil from produced water using ACTF prepared of oil palm leaves by batch and fixed bed techniques. Egypt J Pet 27(3):319–326

    Google Scholar 

  • Fooladgar S, Teimouri A, Nasab SG (2019) Highly efficient removal of lead ions from aqueous solutions using chitosan/rice husk ash/nano alumina with a focus on optimization by response surface methodology: isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. J Polym Environ 27(5):1025–1042

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fu F, Wang Q (2011) Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J Environ Manage 92(3):407–418

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gautam P, Kumar S, Lokhandwala S (2019) Advanced oxidation processes for treatment of leachate from hazardous waste landfill: a critical review. J Clean Prod 237:117639

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gedam AH, Narnaware PK, Kinhikar V (2018) Blended composites of chitosan: adsorption profile for mitigation of toxic pb (ii) ions from water. Myriad Functionalities in Science and Technology, Chitin-Chitosan, pp 99

  • Gupta N, Kushwaha AK, Chattopadhyaya M (2012) Adsorptive removal of Pb2+, Co2+ and Ni2+ by hydroxyapatite/chitosan composite from aqueous solution. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43(1):125–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haneef T, Ul Mustafa MR, Rasool K, Ho YC, Mohamed Kutty SR (2020) Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a heterogeneous Fenton like oxidation system using nanoscale zero-valent iron as a catalyst. Water 12(9):2430

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong M, Yu L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen Z, Dong L, Zan Q, Li R (2019) Heavy metal adsorption with zeolites: the role of hierarchical pore architecture. Chem Eng J 359:363–372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain Qaiser MS, Ahmad I, Ahmad SR, Afzal M, Qayyum A (2019) Assessing heavy metal contamination in oil and gas well drilling waste and soil in Pakistan. Polish J Environ Stud 28(2):785–793

    Google Scholar 

  • Igunnu ET, Chen GZ (2014) Produced water treatment technologies. Int J Low-Carbon Technol 9(3):157–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javanbakht V, Ghoreishi SM (2017) Application of response surface methodology for optimization of lead removal from an aqueous solution by a novel superparamagnetic nanocomposite. Adsorpt Sci Technol 35(1–2):241–260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Q, Rentschler J, Perrone R, Liu K (2013) Application of ceramic membrane and ion-exchange for the treatment of the flowback water from Marcellus shale gas production. J Membr Sci 431:55–61

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiménez S, Micó M, Arnaldos M, Medina F, Contreras S (2018) State of the art of produced water treatment. Chemosphere 192:186–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Jin L, Bai R (2002) Mechanisms of lead adsorption on chitosan/PVA hydrogel beads. Langmuir 18(25):9765–9770

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan T, Mustafa MRU, Isa MH, Abd Manan TSB, Ho Y-C, Lim J-W, Yusof NZ (2017) Artificial neural network (ANN) for modelling adsorption of lead (Pb (II)) from aqueous solution. Water Air Soil Pollut 228(11):1–15

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J-J, Kim Y-S, Kumar V (2019) Heavy metal toxicity: an update of chelating therapeutic strategies. J Trace Elem Med Biol 54:226–231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin L, Jiang W, Chen L, Xu P, Wang H (2020) Treatment of produced water with photocatalysis: recent advances, affecting factors and future research prospects. Catalysts 10(8):924

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lingamdinne LP, Koduru JR, Chang Y-Y, Karri RR (2018) Process optimization and adsorption modeling of Pb (II) on nickel ferrite-reduced graphene oxide nano-composite. J Mol Liq 250:202–211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishra P, Islam M, Patel R (2013) Removal of lead (II) by chitosan from aqueous medium. Sep Sci Technol 48(8):1234–1242

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nechita P (2017) Applications of chitosan in wastewater treatment. Biol Act Appl Mar Polysaccharides 1:209–228

    Google Scholar 

  • Ngah WW, Endud C, Mayanar R (2002) Removal of copper (II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads. React Funct Polym 50(2):181–190

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noordin MY, Venkatesh V, Sharif S, Elting S, Abdullah A (2004) Application of response surface methodology in describing the performance of coated carbide tools when turning AISI 1045 steel. J Mater Process Technol 145(1):46–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onsøyen E, Skaugrud O (1990) Metal recovery using chitosan. J Chem Technol Biotechnol (Oxford, Oxfordshire: 1986) 49(4):395–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahman A, Agrawal S, Nawaz T, Pan S, Selvaratnam T (2020) A review of algae-based produced water treatment for biomass and biofuel production. Water 12(9):2351

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rasool K, Shahzad A, Lee DS (2016) Exploring the potential of anaerobic sulfate reduction process in treating sulfonated diazo dye: microbial community analysis using bar-coded pyrosequencing. J Hazard Mater 318:641–649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahrokhi-Shahraki R, Benally C, El-Din MG, Park J (2021) High efficiency removal of heavy metals using tire-derived activated carbon vs commercial activated carbon: Insights into the adsorption mechanisms. Chemosphere 264:128455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shpiner R, Vathi S, Stuckey D (2009) Treatment of oil well “produced water” by waste stabilization ponds: removal of heavy metals. Water Res 43(17):4258–4268

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellman FR (2013) Handbook of water and wastewater treatment plant operations. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson M (1992) A survey of produced water studies. In: Produced water. Springer, pp 1–11

  • Tibbetts P, Buchanan I, Gawel L, Large R (1992) A comprehensive determination of produced water composition. In: Produced water. Springer, pp 97–112

  • Unagolla J, Adikary S (2015) Adsorption characteristics of cadmium and lead heavy metals into locally synthesized chitosan biopolymer. Trop Agric Res 26(2):395

    Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyay U, Sreedhar I, Singh SA, Patel CM, Anitha K (2020) Recent advances in heavy metal removal by chitosan based adsorbents. Carbohydr Polym 251:117000

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Thuan T, Quynh BTP, Nguyen TD, Bach LG (2017) Response surface methodology approach for optimization of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ adsorption using KOH-activated carbon from banana peel. Surf Interfaces 6:209–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Witek-Krowiak A, Chojnacka K, Podstawczyk D, Dawiec A, Pokomeda K (2014) Application of response surface methodology and artificial neural network methods in modelling and optimization of biosorption process. Biores Technol 160:150–160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Zhang H, Oturan N, Wang Y, Chen L, Oturan MA (2012) Application of response surface methodology to the removal of the antibiotic tetracycline by electrochemical process using carbon-felt cathode and DSA (Ti/RuO2–IrO2) anode. Chemosphere 87(6):614–620

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu J, Wang T, Wang J, Zhang Y, Pan W-P (2020) A novel modified method for the efficient removal of Pb and Cd from wastewater by biochar: Enhanced the ion exchange and precipitation capacity. Sci Total Environ 754:142150

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wang A (2010) Adsorption of Pb (II) from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate composite hydrogels. J Chem Eng Data 55(7):2379–2384

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Cheng C, Zhao J, Ma L, Sun S, Zhao C (2013) Polyethersulfone enwrapped graphene oxide porous particles for water treatment. Chem Eng J 215:72–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou N, Chen H, Feng Q, Yao D, Chen H, Wang H et al (2017) Effect of phosphoric acid on the surface properties and Pb (II) adsorption mechanisms of hydrochars prepared from fresh banana peels. J Clean Prod 165:221–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu L, Shen D, Luo KH (2020) A critical review on VOCs adsorption by different porous materials: species, mechanisms and modification methods. J Hazard Mater 389:122102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is supported by the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department of Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia.

Funding

This research was funded by the YUTP (Grant Number 015LCO-303), Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    H. Gul Zaman & L. Baloo

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

    R. Pendyala

Authors
  1. H. Gul Zaman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. Baloo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. R. Pendyala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to L. Baloo.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Lifeng Yin.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gul Zaman, H., Baloo, L. & Pendyala, R. Application in the optimization of Pb(II) adsorption by chitosan from produced water by using response surface methodology. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 197–208 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03927-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-03927-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation