Abstract
In this work, R134a and its alternatives refrigerant (R513A and R1234yf) have been experimentally investigated in a heat pump system. The exergy and environmental analyzes of refrigerants were performed for the heat pump. The new methods such as exergoenvironmental and exergoenviroeconomic were used to perform environmental analysis of the heat pump. No study was found in the literature on the application of these methods to heat pump systems using R134a, R513A and R1234yf. Therefore, this study is different from those that have already been carried out and will make an important contribution to the literature. When used R134a R513A, and R1234yf the exergy destruction of components of the heat pump is similar and comparable. The most exergy destruction for all refrigerants was seen in the compressor. At − 10 °C evaporator temperature, the exergy efficiency of R513A and R1234yf is 5.83% and 11.48% and higher than R134a, respectively. The exergy efficiency of R513A and R1234yf is 8.38% and 2.72% and higher than R134a, respectively, at − 5 °C evaporator temperature. The exergy efficiency of R513A and R1234yf is lower than R134a at 0 °C evaporator temperatures. At 0 °C evaporator temperature, the exergy efficiency of R513A and R1234yf is 9.69% and 2.28% and lower than R134a, respectively. So, according to the results of exergy (thermodynamics second law) analysis, R1234yf and R513A refrigerants which have low global warming potential rates are being used as a substitute to R134a, especially at low evaporator temperatures.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- \(C_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :
-
CO2 price ($ kgCO2−1)
- \(C_{{{\text{ex}},{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :
-
Exergoenviroeconomic result ($ time−1)
- \(\eta_{{{\text{ex}}}}\) :
-
Exergy efficiency (–)
- \(t_{{{\text{working}}}}\) :
-
Working time of the system (h time−1)
- \(x_{{{\text{ex}},{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :
-
Exergoenvironmental result (kgCO2 time−1)
- \(y_{{{\text{CO}}_{2} }}\) :
-
Greenhouse emission value of the energy option (kgCO2 kWh−1)
- \({\dot{\text{E}}}{\text{x}}\) :
-
Exergy rate (kW)
- \(\dot{Q}\) :
-
Heat energy (kW)
- \(\dot{W}\) :
-
Power consumption (kW)
- \(\dot{m}\) :
-
Mass flow rate (kg s−1)
- e i :
-
Specific exergy (kJ kg−1)
- h :
-
Specific enthalpy (kJ kg−1)
- P :
-
Pressure (kPa or bar)
- s :
-
Specific entropy (kJ kg−1 K−1)
- T :
-
Temperature (℃ or K)
- x :
-
Quality (–)
- 0:
-
Dead state reference point
- AXV:
-
Automatic expansion valve
- comp.:
-
Compressor
- cond.:
-
Condenser
- d:
-
Destruction
- evap.:
-
Evaporator
- EXEN:
-
Exergoenvironmental
- EXENEC:
-
Exergoenviroeconomic
- GWP:
-
Global warming potential
- H:
-
High
- HFC:
-
Hydrofluorocarbon
- HFO:
-
Hydro fluoro olefin
- L:
-
Low
- LCCP:
-
Life cycle climate performance
- ODP:
-
Ozone depletion potential
- ref.:
-
Refrigerant
References
Afshari F, Comakli O, Adiguzel N, Karagoz S (2016) Optimal charge amount for different refrigerants in air-to-water heat pumps. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Mech Eng 40:325–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40997-016-0028-2/FIGURES/21
Aghbashlo M, Rosen MA (2018a) Exergoeconoenvironmental analysis as a new concept for developing thermodynamically, economically, and environmentally sound energy conversion systems. J Clean Prod 187:190–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.214
Aghbashlo M, Rosen MA (2018b) Consolidating exergoeconomic and exergoenvironmental analyses using the emergy concept for better understanding energy conversion systems. J Clean Prod 172:696–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.205
Aprea C, Greco A, Maiorino A (2017) An experimental investigation of the energetic performances of HFO1234yf and its binary mixtures with HFC134a in a household refrigerator. Int J Refrig 76:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.02.005
Aprea C, Greco A, Maiorino A (2018) HFOs and their binary mixtures with HFC134a working as drop-in refrigerant in a household refrigerator: energy analysis and environmental impact assessment. Appl Therm Eng 141:226–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.02.072
Atilgan B, Azapagic A (2016) Assessing the environmental sustainability of electricity generation in Turkey on a life cycle basis. Energies 9:31. https://doi.org/10.3390/en9010031
Caliskan H (2015) Novel approaches to exergy and economy based enhanced environmental analyses for energy systems. Energy Convers Manag 89:156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.09.067
Caliskan H (2017) Energy, exergy, environmental, enviroeconomic, exergoenvironmental (EXEN) and exergoenviroeconomic (EXENEC) analyses of solar collectors. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 69:488–492
Dincer İ, Kanoğlu M (2010) Refrigeration systems and applications, 2nd edn. Wiley
Direk M, Yüksel F (2020) Experimental evaluation of an automotive heat pump system with R1234yf as an alternative to R134a. Arab J Sci Eng 45:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-019-04140-x
Elbar ARA, Yousef MS, Hassan H (2019) Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic and enviroeconomic (4E) evaluation of a new integration of solar still with photovoltaic panel. J Clean Prod 233:665–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.111
Feng B, Yang Z, Zhai R (2018) Experimental study on the influence of the flame retardants on the flammability of R1234yf. Energy 143:212–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.10.078
Lee Y, Kang DG, Jung D (2013) Performance of virtually non-flammable azeotropic HFO1234yf/HFC134a mixture for HFC134a applications. Int J Refrig 36:1203–1207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.02.015
Llopis R, Sánchez D, Cabello R et al (2017) Experimental analysis of R-450A and R-513A as replacements of R-134a and R-507A in a medium temperature commercial refrigeration system. Int J Refrig 84:52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.08.022
Meng Z, Zhang H, Lei M et al (2018) Performance of low GWP R1234yf/R134a mixture as a replacement for R134a in automotive air conditioning systems. Int J Heat Mass Transf 116:362–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.09.049
Mota-Babiloni A, Navarro-Esbrí J, Barragán Á et al (2014) Drop-in energy performance evaluation of R1234yf and R1234ze(E) in a vapor compression system as R134a replacements. Appl Therm Eng 71:259–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.06.056
Mota-Babiloni A, Makhnatch P, Khodabandeh R, Navarro-Esbrí J (2017a) Experimental assessment of R134a and its lower GWP alternative R513A. Int J Refrig 74:680–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.11.021
Mota-Babiloni A, Navarro-Esbrí J, Mendoza-Miranda JM, Peris B (2017b) Experimental evaluation of system modifications to increase R1234ze(E) cooling capacity. Appl Therm Eng 111:786–792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.175
Mota-Babiloni A, Belman-Flores JM, Makhnatch P et al (2018) Experimental exergy analysis of R513A to replace R134a in a small capacity refrigeration system. Energy 162:99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.08.028
Sun Z, Wang Q, Xie Z et al (2019) Energy and exergy analysis of low GWP refrigerants in cascade refrigeration system. Energy 170:1170–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.055
Taylor J (1997) An introduction to error analysis, the study of uncertainties in physical measurements, 2nd edn. University Science Books
Yıldız A, Yıldırım R (2021) Investigation of using R134a, R1234yf and R513A as refrigerant in a heat pump. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:1201–1210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02857-z
Yousef MS, Hassan H (2019) Assessment of different passive solar stills via exergoeconomic, exergoenvironmental, and exergoenviroeconomic approaches: a comparative study. Sol Energy 182:316–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.02.042
Zilio C, Brown JS, Schiochet G, Cavallini A (2011) The refrigerant R1234yf in air conditioning systems. Energy 36:6110–6120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.08.002
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank all who assisted in conducting this research.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: Maryam Shabani.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yıldız, A., Yıldırım, R. Experimental investigation of exergy, exergoenvironmental and exergoenviroeconomic analysis of the heat pump system. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 10737–10746 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03890-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03890-2