Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Occurrences of antibiotic resistant bacteria in a tropical river impacted by anthropogenic activities in Ho Chi Minh City

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance causes serious health problems associated with an increase in hospitalization time, treatment cost, and mortality. In this study, the contamination levels of antibiotic resistant bacteria were determined in the Saigon River, which is impacted by different anthropogenic activities in Ho Chi Minh City. Five target antibiotics were supplemented to the R2A medium at the concentration of amoxicillin (9.6 µg/ml) / clavulanic acid (4.8 µg/ml), amikacin (19.2 µg/ml), cefixime (1.2 µg/ml), ciprofloxacin (1.2 µg/ml), and trimethoprim (2.4 µg/ml)/ sulfamethoxazole (45.6 µg/ml). As the results, the antibiotic resistant bacteria were found in all the sampling sites and at the highest concentration at the sites impacted by wastewater from both industrial and residential activities. Enterobacteriaceae was the most abundant family with 23.8% of total isolates of the antibiotic resistant bacteria. Human opportunistic pathogens and pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae (6.74%), Enterobacter sp. (4.15%), Escherichia coli (6.63%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.11%), Aeromonas Caviae (4.66%) were identified in all surface water samples. Correlation analysis suggested that the pollutions of dissolved salt, organic matter, and wastewaters may facilitate the antibiotic resistant bacteria in the aquatic environments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and materials

Data and material are not shared.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Asia WEP in (2013) Urban domestic wastewater management in Vietnam—challenges and opportunities

  • Berendonk TU, Manaia CM, Merlin C et al (2015a) Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:310–317. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3439

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bộ Tài nguyên và Môi trường (2015) Qcvn 08-Mt:2015/Btnmt Quy Chuẩn Kỹ Thuật Quốc Gia Về Chất Lượng Nước Mặt. 5–9

  • CLSI (2013) Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility test

  • Clements A, Young JC, Constantinou N, Frankel G (2012) Infection strategies of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Gut Microbes 3:71–87. https://doi.org/10.4161/gmic.19182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davin-Regli A, Pagès J-M (2015) Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae; versatile bacterial pathogens confronting antibiotic treatment. Front Microbiol 6:392. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.00392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Kraker MEA, Stewardson AJ, Harbarth S (2016) Will 10 million people die a year due to antimicrobial resistance by 2050? PLoS Med 13:e1002184–e1002184. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002184

  • Delgado-Gardea MCE, Tamez-Guerra P, Gomez-Flores R et al (2016) Multidrug-resistant bacteria isolated from surface water in Bassaseachic falls National Park, Mexico. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:597. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao P, Munir M, Xagoraraki I (2012) Correlation of tetracycline and sulfonamide antibiotics with corresponding resistance genes and resistant bacteria in a conventional municipal wastewater treatment plant. Sci Total Environ 421–422:173–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.061

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • General Statistics Office VN (2019) Tổng điều tra dân số và nhà ở

  • Gozlan I, Rotstein A, Avisar D (2013) Amoxicillin-degradation products formed under controlled environmental conditions: Identification and determination in the aquatic environment. Chemosphere 91:985–992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.095

  • Haller L, Chen H, Ng C et al (2018) Occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- and carbapenemase- producing bacteria from hospital effluents in Singapore. Sci Total Environ 615:1119–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuer H, Krsek M, Baker P et al (1997) Analysis of actinomycete communities by specific amplification of genes encoding 16S rRNA and gel-electrophoretic separation in denaturing gradients. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3233–3241. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.63.8.3233-3241.1997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho HL, Babel MS, Weesakul S et al (2015) Exploratory assessment of SUDS feasibility in Nhieu Loc-Thi Nghe Basin. Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. https://doi.org/10.9734/BJECC/2015/11534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoa PTP, Managaki S, Nakada N et al (2011) Antibiotic contamination and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments of northern Vietnam. Sci Total Environ 409:2894–2901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.030

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong P-Y, Al-Jassim N, Ansari MI, Mackie RI (2013) Environmental and public health implications of water reuse: antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria, and antibiotic resistance genes. Antibiot (Basel, Switzerland) 2:367–399. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics2030367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ju H, Li S, Xu YJ, et al (2019) Intensive Livestock Production Causing Antibiotic Pollution in the Yinma River of Northeast China. Water 11

  • Kimura M, Araoka H, Yoneyama A (2013) Aeromonas caviae is the most frequent pathogen amongst cases of Aeromonas bacteremia in Japan. Scand J Infect Dis 45:304–309. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365548.2012.737474

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le TH, Ng C, Chen H et al (2016) Occurrences and characterization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genetic determinants of hospital wastewater in a tropical country. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 60:7449–7456. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01556-16

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le T-H, Ng C, Tran NH, et al (2018) Removal of antibiotic residues, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater by membrane bioreactor systems. Water Res 145:498–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.060

  • Le T-H, Truong T, Hoang TL, et al Influences of anthropogenic activities on surface water quality in a tropical river in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (Under Revision). Int J Environ Health Res

  • Manaia CM (2017) Assessing the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission from the environment to humans: non-direct proportionality between abundance and risk. Trends Microbiol 25:173–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulamattathil SG, Bezuidenhout C, Mbewe M, Ateba CN (2014) Isolation of environmental bacteria from surface and drinking water in mafikeng, South Africa, and characterization using their antibiotic resistance profiles. J Pathog 2014:371208. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/371208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen Dang Giang C, Sebesvari Z, Renaud F, et al (2015) Occurrence and dissipation of the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, and enrofloxacin in the mekong delta, Vietnam. PLoS One 10:e0131855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0131855

  • O ’neill J (2016) Tackling Drug-Resistant Infections Globally: Final Report and Recommendations the Review on Antimicrobial Resistance

  • O’Neill J (2016) Antimicrobial resistance: tackling a crisis for the health and wealth of nations. Rev Antimicrob Resist

  • Paczosa MK, Mecsas J (2016) Klebsiella pneumoniae: going on the offense with a strong defense. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80:629–661. https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.00078-15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reygaert WC (2018) An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria. AIMS Microbiol 4:482–501. https://doi.org/10.3934/microbiol.2018.3.482

  • Rizzo L, Manaia C, Merlin C, et al (2013) Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment: a review. Sci Total Environ 447:345–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.01.032

  • Sandegren L (2014) Selection of antibiotic resistance at very low antibiotic concentrations. Ups J Med Sci 119:103–107. https://doi.org/10.3109/03009734.2014.904457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taneja N, Sharma M (2019) Antimicrobial resistance in the environment: the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res 149:119–128. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_331_18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report

  • You Y, Silbergeld EK (2014) Learning from agriculture: understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion. Front Microbiol 5:284. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2014.00284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q-Q, Ying G-G, Pan C-G et al (2015) Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the River Basins of China: Source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environ Sci Technol 49:6772–6782. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b00729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Li Y, Liu B, et al (2014) Prevalence of veterinary antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in the surface water of a livestock production Region in Northern China. PLoS One 9:e111026

Download references

Acknowledgements

This research is funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 105.99-2018.19. Truong Thong was funded by Vingroup Joint Stock Company and supported by the Domestic Master/ PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Vingroup Big Data Institute (VINBIGDATA), code 2020.TS.136.

Funding

This research is funded by the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under Grant Number 105.99-2018.19. Truong Thong was funded by Vingroup Joint Stock Company and supported by the Domestic Master/ PhD Scholarship Programme of Vingroup Innovation Foundation (VINIF), Vingroup Big Data Institute (VINBIGDATA), code 2020.TS.136.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T.-H. Le.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Editorial responsibility: Jing Chen.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (DOCX 19 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Truong, T., Bui, H.D., Pham, T.T.V. et al. Occurrences of antibiotic resistant bacteria in a tropical river impacted by anthropogenic activities in Ho Chi Minh City. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 7049–7058 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03636-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03636-0

Keywords

Navigation