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Adsorption of aniline blue dye on activated pomegranate peel: equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and support vector regression modelling

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Abstract

For the first time, a low-cost and eco-friendly adsorbent prepared from pomegranate peel was used for the efficient removal of aniline blue (AB) dye from wastewater. After carbonization at 500 °C for 1 h, chemical activation using HCl was done. Textural characterization and adsorbent properties were analysed using FTIR, SEM along with EDX and pHZPC. The influence of various operating parameters such as initial solution pH, dosage time, adsorbent mass and initial dye concentration for AB removal was investigated. Kinetic studies were conducted at room temperature (30 °C) by varying guest molecules concentrations. Guest–host interaction was maximum (90.78%) at pH 4. Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were employed to design and optimize the adsorption data. The data obtained agreed well with the Freundlich isotherm and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The maximum AB uptake was predicted from Langmuir model (27.322 mg/g at 30 °C for 0.1 g pomegranate peel activated carbon). Thermodynamic studies performed in the temperature range of 30–50 °C indicated a decrease in randomness at the solid–liquid interface during physic-sorption, and the process was exothermic. Multiple regression (MR) and state-of-the-art artificial intelligence technique, namely epsilon-insensitive loss function-support vector regression (ε-SVR), were used for modelling. Prediction performance and analyses of the developed MR and ε-SVR models were done using statistical parameters such as AARE, R, RMSE, SD, MAE, Q2LOO and Q2Ext. Parity plots between the adsorption data and the predicted data demonstrated that the SVR-based model was a robust model with high accuracy and generalizability.

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Abbreviations

AB:

Aniline blue

AC:

Activated carbon

PP:

Pomegranate peel

AI:

Artificial intelligence

MR:

Multiple regression

ANNs:

Artificial neural networks

SVR:

Support vector regression

RPP:

Raw pomegranate peel

PPAC:

Pomegranate peel activated carbon

PPACAD:

Pomegranate peel activated carbon after adsorption

AARE:

Average absolute relative error

R :

Correlation coefficient

R 2 :

Coefficient of determination

RMSE:

Root mean squared error

MAE:

Mean absolute error

SD:

Standard deviation

Q 2 LOO :

Leave-one-out cross-validation for the training set

Q 2 ext :

Leave-one-out cross-validation for the test set

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

EDX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

C o :

Initial metal concentration (mg L−1)

C t :

Metal concentration at particular time (mg L−1)

C e :

Metal concentration at equilibrium (mg L−1)

q e :

Adsorption capacity at equilibrium(mg g−1)

m :

Mass of adsorbent (g)

V :

Volume (L)

ε :

Radius of the tube around the data

w :

Weight vector

ϕ(x i):

High-dimensional feature function for input vector x

σ :

Width parameter of RBF kernel

γ :

Regularization parameter

α and α*:

Lagrange multipliers

f(x):

Regression function

b :

Bias term

K(x i, x j):

Kernel function

L d :

Dual form of the Lagrangian function

x i :

Input vector

y i :

Output vector

y i ,P :

Predicted value

y i ,E :

Experimental value

y i ,P mean :

Mean predicted value

y i ,E mean :

Mean experimental value

N Training :

Number of training data

K L :

Langmuir constant (L mg−1)

qm:

Maximum adsorption capacity (mg g−1)

R L :

Separation factor

K F :

Freundlich adsorption constant (mg g−1) (L mg−1)1/n

n :

Freundlich exponent (g L−1)

K T :

Temkin constant for adsorption potential (L mg−1)

B T :

Temkin constant for heat of adsorption (J mol−1)

K DR :

Activity coefficient constant (mol2 J−2)

E :

Mean free adsorption energy (KJ mol−1)

K 1 :

Pseudo-first-order rate constant (min−1)

K 2 :

Pseudo-second-order rate constant (g mg−1 min−1)

\(A_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Elovich adsorption rate constant (mg g−1 min−1)

\(B_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Elovich constant for desorption (g mg−1)

K i :

Intraparticle diffusion constant (mg g−1 min−1)

I :

Intraparticle constant

K D :

Equilibrium constant

ΔG°:

Standard Free energy change (kJ mol−1)

ΔH°:

Standard Enthalpy change (kJ mol−1)

ΔS°:

Standard Entropy change (kJ mol−1 K−1)

T :

Absolute temperature (K)

t :

Time (min)

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Acknowledgements

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors. However, the authors would like to acknowledge with thanks the infrastructural support received from the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India

    M. A. Usman, R. A. Aftab & S. M. Adnan

  2. Department of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India

    S. Zaidi

  3. Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India

    R. A. K. Rao

Authors
  1. M. A. Usman
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  2. R. A. Aftab
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  3. S. Zaidi
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  4. S. M. Adnan
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  5. R. A. K. Rao
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Correspondence to S. Zaidi.

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They have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose. They have no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. All of them certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript. They have no financial or proprietary interests in any material discussed in this article.

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Editorial responsibility: Fatih ŞEN.

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Usman, M.A., Aftab, R.A., Zaidi, S. et al. Adsorption of aniline blue dye on activated pomegranate peel: equilibrium, kinetics, thermodynamics and support vector regression modelling. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 8351–8368 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03571-0

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03571-0

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