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Comparison of waste plastic fuel, waste cooking oil biodiesel, and ultra-low sulfur diesel using a Well-to-Exhaust framework

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Abstract

The conversion of plastic solid waste and waste cooking oil into useful alternative fuels, e.g., waste plastic fuel and biodiesel, respectively, helps mitigate waste accumulation and minimize the dependence on fossil fuels, like ultra-low sulfur diesel (aka diesel). This study aims to assess the potential environmental impacts of both waste-derived fuels with the help of a scalable Well-to-Exhaust life-cycle analysis (functional unit = 1 kg of fuel) conducted within a university campus (control volume) with well-defined boundaries. The performance of both fuels is assessed on a Well-to-Pump (fuel fabrication) and Pump-to-Exhaust (end-use) basis, and their summation is used to present the life cycle impact of each fuel comparative to diesel. The findings reveal that diesel worsens the local air quality and significantly contributes to global warming. In contrast, waste plastic fuel appears to have a relatively lower impact on the air quality index and global warming, suggesting that its production near urban areas could help mitigate plastic waste accumulation and environmental pollution while boosting the local economy. On the other hand, biodiesel emerges as a relatively cleaner fuel and shows significantly lower emissions, especially during its fabrication. Therefore, its manufacture and end-use can be decoupled to enhance the economics of the process. Finally, its lowest overall carbon dioxide emissions hint that its use could be instrumental in lowering greenhouse gas emissions.

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Abbreviations

AQI:

Air quality index

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BSFC:

Brake-specific fuel consumption

CFR:

Code of Federal Regulations

CH4 :

Methane

CI:

Compression–ignition

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

EPA:

Environmental Protection Agency

EtW:

Exhaust-to-Wheels

FID:

Flame ionization detector

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

FU:

Functional unit

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

GREET:

Argonne National Laboratory Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy Use in Transportation

GWP:

Global warming potential

H2O:

Water

HCHO:

Formaldehyde

ISO:

International Organization for Standardization

LCA:

Life cycle analysis (or assessment)

LCIA:

Life cycle impact analysis

LDDV:

Light-duty diesel vehicle

LHV:

Lower heating value

MECHO or CH3CHO:

Acetaldehyde

MPG:

Miles per gallon

N2O:

Nitrous oxide

NO:

Nitric oxide

NO2 :

Nitrogen dioxide

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

NRP-ULSD:

Non-recycled plastic ultra-low sulfur diesel

O3 :

: Ozone

PM:

Particulate matter

PSW:

Plastic solid waste

PtE:

Pump-to-Exhaust

PtW:

Pump-to-Wheels

ROHR:

Rate of heat release

SOx :

Sulfur oxides

TDC:

Top dead center

THC:

Total hydrocarbon

ULSD:

Ultra-low sulfur diesel

VOC:

Volatile organic compounds

WCO:

Waste cooking oil

WPF:

Waste plastic fuel

WtP:

Well-to-Pump

WtW:

Well-to-Wheels

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. Edward F. Peltier, Dr. Arkan D. Jalal, Mr. Daniel Tabakh, Mr. Charu Vikram Srivatsa, Mr. Emilio Alverio, and Mr. Jesse Copp for providing useful inputs at various stages of the current study.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kansas, 1530 W 15thStreet, 1109A Learned Hall, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7609, USA

    S. S. Alam, P. R. Churkunti & C. Depcik

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Shah Saud Alam, Preetham Reddy Churkunti, and Christopher Depcik performed conceptualization; Shah Saud Alam and Preetham Reddy Churkunti were involved in methodology; Shah Saud Alam and Preetham Reddy Churkunti contributed to formal analysis and investigation; Shah Saud Alam done writing—original draft preparation; : Christopher Depcik and Shah Saud Alam were involved in writing—review and editing; Christopher Depcik done supervision.

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Editorial responsibility: Maryam Shabani.

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Alam, S.S., Churkunti, P.R. & Depcik, C. Comparison of waste plastic fuel, waste cooking oil biodiesel, and ultra-low sulfur diesel using a Well-to-Exhaust framework. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 19, 5857–5876 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-021-03552-3

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