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The effect of turbulence on natural ventilation of a proposed octagonal greenhouse in a transient flow

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Abstract

This study presents the effect of openings on the ventilation rate of an experimental proposed octagonal greenhouse in a transient flow. Furthermore, it makes a comparison between the free ventilation of the proposed greenhouse with an Arc greenhouse with two-dimensional computational fluid dynamic simulation. To simulate airflow in the Arc greenhouse, we selected a one-side roof vent openings, butterfly-type side vent openings and one-side-face to face-roof vent openings as opening designs. Moreover, two octagonal greenhouse portions were selected due to changes in cross-sectional area. The results showed that the average wind speed in the greenhouse equipped with butterfly-type side vent opening was higher than other greenhouses, but the temperature of air inlet was distributed less slowly. To illustrate the accuracy, the computational fluid dynamic results, which include wind speed and temperature, were compared with the measured values from the proposed octagonal greenhouse. Moreover, this study investigates the effect of greenhouse shape and openings on turbulence formation and the effect of turbulence on greenhouse climate. After 10 min of simulation, the average total temperature in the greenhouses with butterfly-type side vent openings and one-side-face to face-roof vent openings models had still not reached the outside air temperature. Based on observations, like the average total temperature, the average total airflow velocity was also close in both sides of the octagonal greenhouse. The simulation results show that the speed of free ventilation and temperature distribution in the proposed octagonal greenhouse were higher than the Arc greenhouse with other openings design.

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Abbreviations

\( u \) :

Wind Velocity, \({\text{m s}}^{ - 1}\)

a :

Absorption coefficient

\( P \) :

Fluid pressure, Pa

\( h_{s} \) :

Sensible enthalpy, \( {\text{J/kg}} \)

\( \rho \) :

Density, \( {\text{kg/m}}^{3} \)

\( T \) :

Temperature, \({\text{K}}\)

\( C_{\varepsilon 1} , C_{\varepsilon 2} \) :

Adjustable constant

t :

Time, s

\( \sigma_{\varepsilon } ,\sigma_{k} \) :

Prandtl numbers

\( \varepsilon \) :

Turbulent dissipation rate, J/(kg s)

\( \mu \) :

Dynamic viscosity, Pa s

\( \mu_{T} \) :

Turbulence dynamic viscosity, Pa s

\( \delta_{w}^{ + } \) :

Distance from the wall, m

\( C_{\mu } \) :

Proportional number

\( I_{T} \) :

Initial turbulence intensity,  %

\( U_{ref} \) :

Reference velocity scale, \( {\text{m s}}^{ - 1} \)

\( \delta_{\text{w}}^{ + } \) :

Dimensionless wall offset

\( C_{p} \) :

Specific heat capacity, J/(kg K)

\( k_{ef} \) :

Effective conductivity, W/m K

κ:

Von Karman constant

\( \varvec{J}_{D} \) :

Diffusion flux of species

\( \varPhi \) :

Phase function

MAPE:

Mean absolute error

EF :

Model efficiency

RMSE:

Root-mean-square error

\( u_{\tau } \) :

Friction velocity, \( {\text{m s}}^{ - 1} \)

\( u^{ + } \) :

Tangential velocity in viscous units, dimensionless

\( \varvec{g} \) :

Gravitational acceleration, \( {\text{m}}\;{\text{s}}^{ - 2} \)

n:

Refractive index

\( \varepsilon \) :

Surface emissivity, J/kg K

\( \eta \) :

Dynamic viscosity function of temperature, \( \left( {1/K} \right) \) Pa.s

\( \varvec{q} \) :

Convective heat flux, \( {\text{W/m}}^{2} \)

\( {\mathbf{n}} \) :

Normal direction

\( T^{ + } \) :

Dimensionless temperature

\( \tau_{ef} \) :

Effective shear viscosity

\( \sigma \) :

Stefan–Boltzmann constant

\( \varOmega^{\prime} \) :

Solid angle

\( S_{\text{v}} \) :

Volumetric heat source, \( {\text{W/m}}^{3} \)

\( k \) :

Turbulence kinetic energy, J/kg

\( L_{T} \) :

Turbulence characteristic length

\( \vec{s}^{'} \) :

Scattering direction vector

\( \vec{s} \) :

Solar radiation vector

\( {\mathbf{u}}_{\text{tang}} \) :

Tangential velocity, \( {\text{m}}\;{\text{s}}^{ - 1} \)

\( I \) :

Radiation intensity, \( {\text{Wm}}^{ - 2} \)

\( {\mathbf{F}} \) :

Volume force vector, \( {\text{N/m}}^{2} \)

\( T_{\text{w}} \) :

Temperature of the solid at the wall, K

\( T \) :

Absolute temperature, K

\( \vec{r} \) :

Solar position vector

\( \sigma_{s} \) :

Scattering coefficient

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Acknowledgement

This research was supported by Abtin Organic Company and grant number: 24-14-14-057-971006. We would like to show our gratitude to the colleagues in Agricultural Engineering Research Institute for their valuable support throughout this study.

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  1. Agricultural Engineering Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran

    J. Javadi Moghaddam

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Editorial responsibility: Parveen Fatemeh Rupani.

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Moghaddam, J.J. The effect of turbulence on natural ventilation of a proposed octagonal greenhouse in a transient flow. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18, 2181–2196 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02955-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-02955-y

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