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Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide using non-metal doping methods under visible light: a review

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Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an efficient photocatalyst for removing organics in photocatalytic wastewater treatment, but its low photoactivity limits its practical applications in a visible-light-driven chemical reaction. Many efforts have been made in the activation of the visible light absorption property on TiO2 photocatalyst. In this paper, a thorough review of current non-metal doping methods of TiO2 to improve photocatalyst activation under visible light is presented. The focus of this study is on doping non-metals onto TiO2 by several methods to enhance its visible light photoactivity. Besides, the resultant characteristics of the chemical structure, physical structure, and optical properties of the doped photocatalysts are discussed. This review enables a better understanding of current advantages and disadvantages that can arise during the production of non-metal-doped TiO2 and its applications. The annealing and hydrothermal methods are found to be more efficient in preparing doped photocatalysts with respect to time and costs. When choosing between these two approaches, the hydrothermal method can be applied using a variety of precursors, whereas the annealing methods are restricted only to solid form precursors. Thus, the hydrothermal method is a more favorable method of non-metal doping of TiO2. However, studies should focus on the effects of different factors involved in each synthesis/preparation method to determine optimal preparation conditions.

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Abbreviations

4-CP:

4-Chlorophenol

AOP:

Advanced oxidation processes

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

BtOH:

1-Butanol

CB:

Conduction band

DRS:

Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy

EDS:

Energy-dispersive spectroscopy

EtOH:

Ethanol

\({\text{HO}}^{ \cdot }\) :

Hydroxyl radical

iPrOH:

Isopropanol

MB:

Methylene blue

MC-LR:

Microcystin-LR

MeOH:

Methanol

MG:

Malachite green

MO:

Methyl orange

RhB:

Rhodamine B

RR4:

Reactive red 4

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

UV:

Ultraviolet

UV–VIS:

UV–visible

VB:

Valence band

X-3B:

Reactive brilliant red dye, reactive red 2

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

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Acknowledgments

The financial support of Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) program, Ontario Trillium Scholarship (OTS) program, and Ryerson University Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science Dean’s Research Fund is greatly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Programs in Environmental Applied Science and Management, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada

    M. Nasirian

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada

    Y. P. Lin, C. F. Bustillo-Lecompte & M. Mehrvar

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  1. M. Nasirian
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  2. Y. P. Lin
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  3. C. F. Bustillo-Lecompte
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  4. M. Mehrvar
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Correspondence to M. Mehrvar.

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Nasirian, M., Lin, Y.P., Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F. et al. Enhancement of photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide using non-metal doping methods under visible light: a review. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15, 2009–2032 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1618-2

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