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A review on mechanism and future perspectives of cadmium-resistant bacteria

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology volume 15, pages 243–262 (2018)Cite this article

Abstract

Since the last few decades, cadmium anthropocentric sources have been increased drastically. Various chemical and physical approaches for cadmium remediation have been proposed, but these techniques are quite expensive, not healthy for the environment and not efficient at the low concentration of cadmium. Thus, in the last few years, the cadmium removal by biological approaches has received a great interest. Many bacteria can resist against high concentration of cadmium through different mechanisms. The cadmium-resistant bacteria can be grouped into three levels. The main group consists of bacteria which efflux the cadmium from the cells. The bacteria of the other two groups are capable of detoxifying or binding cadmium. The cadA and cadB gene systems are involved in efflux mechanism, and these encode different efflux pump proteins, while the functional groups such as amine, carboxyl, phosphate and hydroxyl facilitate cadmium binding to bacterial surface such as chemisorption. Many enzymes are involved in the detoxifying the cadmium and make the membrane impermeable against cadmium. This paper also reviews the industrial application of cadmium-resistant bacteria and the future perspectives of genetic engineering, bioelectrochemical system, microbial aggregates and biosorption of cadmium by algae.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Universiti Sains Malaysia Global Fellowship (USMGF/FC/04/2015) for the support and research facilities for this project.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia

    S. Z. Abbas, M. Rafatullah, K. Hossain, N. Ismail, H. A. Tajarudin & H. P. S. Abdul Khalil

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  1. S. Z. Abbas
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  2. M. Rafatullah
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  3. K. Hossain
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  4. N. Ismail
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  5. H. A. Tajarudin
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  6. H. P. S. Abdul Khalil
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Correspondence to M. Rafatullah.

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Editorial responsibility: M. Abbaspour.

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Abbas, S.Z., Rafatullah, M., Hossain, K. et al. A review on mechanism and future perspectives of cadmium-resistant bacteria. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 15, 243–262 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1400-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1400-5

Keywords

  • Binding sites
  • Bioreactors
  • Cadmium
  • Efflux pumps
  • Enzymatic detoxification
  • Plasmid genes