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Toxinogenicity and cytotoxicity of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium moulds isolated from working environments

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Abstract

There is currently limited research available on the secondary metabolites of moulds in workplaces. The aim of this study was to determine the mould contamination in museums (N = 4), composting plants (N = 4) and tanneries (N = 4) and the secondary metabolite profiles of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates from these workplaces. Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium species were identified using the ITS1/2 sequence of the rDNA region. Mould metabolites were quantitatively analysed on standard laboratory medium and mineral medium containing materials specific to each workplace using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. We also examined the cytotoxicity of the moulds using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assays. Air microbiological contamination analyses showed a number of microorganisms, ranging from 2.4 × 103 CFU m−3 (composting plants) to 6.8 × 104 CFU m−3 (tanneries). We identified high percentages of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium moulds (air 57–59%, surfaces 10–65%) in all workplaces. The following moulds were the most cytotoxic (>90%): Alternaria alternata, A. limoniasperae, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium biourgeianum, P. commune and P. spinulosum. The same mould species isolated from different working environments exhibited varying toxigenic and cytotoxic properties. Modifying the culture medium to simulate environmental conditions most often resulted in the inhibition of secondary metabolite production. Moulds isolated from the working environments produced the following mycotoxins (ng g−1): chanoclavines (0.28–204), cyclopiazonic acid (27.1–1045), fumigaclavines (0.33–10,640,000), meleagrin (0.57–13,393), roquefortins (0.01–16,660), rugulovasines (112–220), viridicatin (0.12–957), viridicatol (4.23–2753) and quinocitrinines (0.07–1104), which may have a negative impact on human health.

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Acknowledgements

Studies in libraries were realized within the project of the Polish National Center for Research and Development coordinated by Central Institute for Labour Protection National Research Institute, Grant number III.B.03. Development of principles for evaluation and prevention of hazards caused by biological agents in the working environment using indicators of microbial contamination.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland

    J. Skóra, A. Nowak, A. Otlewska & B. Gutarowska

  2. Department of Agrobiotechnology, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria

    M. Sulyok

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  1. J. Skóra
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  2. M. Sulyok
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  3. A. Nowak
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  4. A. Otlewska
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Correspondence to J. Skóra.

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Editorial responsibility: Xu Han.

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Skóra, J., Sulyok, M., Nowak, A. et al. Toxinogenicity and cytotoxicity of Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium moulds isolated from working environments. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14, 595–608 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1172-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-016-1172-3

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