Abstract
Petroleum pipeline network is a critical infrastructure that should be protected because of its importance and the danger of fire disaster and ecosystem disruption if unprotected. However, the procedure for the management of the pipeline in Nigeria is probably faulty, and we think that this accounts for the multiple occurrences of pipeline fires in Nigeria between 1998 and 2007. Our study involves the use of satellite imageries, ecological sampling, questionnaire and personal interaction with some of the victims of the December 2006 pipeline fire in Ilado-Odo community in Lagos State, Nigeria. We attributed the causes of pipeline fires to poor pipeline network monitoring, poor communication and transportation in the vulnerable communities, and the inability of the pipeline management agency to ensure adequate community participation. We found that the biotic and abiotic components of the Ilado-Odo community were severely impaired, and we think that the impact may last for a long time if there is no post-disaster recovery programme. We conclude that the present method of labour-intensive approach to pipeline monitoring in Nigeria can promote further development of organised crime as explained by the Queer Ladder concept. We therefore recommend better tracking system, enhanced communication and transport infrastructure, as well as the review of the existing right-of-way regulations, and their strict enforcement around all critical infrastructures.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Acosta LJ, Murphy P, McCormick GE, Reese C (2013) Colombia’s No. 2 oil pipeline shut after bomb attacks: ecopetrol, Reuters, Mon 7 Oct 2013 11:25 am. Accessed 19/11/2013
Adegboyega AI, Adesola AS (2013) The gains and pains of the amnesty programme in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, 2007–2012: a preliminary assessment. J Asian Afr Stud 48(4):506–520
Adeniyi O (2007) Playing with fire! (1). This day, January 18, 72
Aghedo I (2012) Winning the war, losing the peace: amnesty and the challenges of post-conflict peace-building in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. J Asian Afr Stud 48(3):267–280
Allen AA (2013) Population dynamics and infrastructure: meeting the millennium development goals in Ondo State, Nigeria. Afr Popul Stud 27(2):229–237
Anifowose B, Damian M, Lawler D, Chapman L (2011) Attacks on oil transport pipelines in Nigeria: a quantitative exploration and possible explanation of observed patterns. Appl Geogr 32:636–651
Astorg P, Arnault N, Czernichow S, Galan P, Hercberg S (2004) Dietary intakes and food sources of n − 6 and n − 3 PUFA in French adult men and women. Lipids 39(6):527–535
Asumi J (2009) Blood oil in the Niger Delta. Special Report 229, United States Institute of Peace, p 20
Briggs DJ, Forer P, Jarup L, Stern R (2002) GIS for emergency preparedness and health risk reduction, NATO Science Series, Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol 11, p 344
Bunce RGH (1968) Biomass and production of trees in a mixed deciduous woodland: I. Girth and height as parameters for the estimation of tree dry weight. J Ecol 56(3):759–775
Cairncross S (1989) Water supply and sanitation: an agenda for research. J Trop Med Hyg 92:301
Cardona OD (2003) The need for rethinking the concepts of vulnerability and risk from a holistic perspective: a necessary review and criticism for effective risk management. In: Bankoff G, Frerks G, Hilhost D (eds) Mapping vulnerability: disasters, development and people. Earthscan, London
Certini G (2005) Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia 143:1–10
Chokor BA (2004) Perception and response to the challenge of poverty and environmental resource degradation in rural Nigeria: case study from the Niger Delta. J Environ Psychol 24(3):305–318
Clinton WJ (1996) Executive order 13010—critical infrastructure protection. In: Peters G, Woolley JT (eds) The American Presidency Project http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=53066, p 5
Dada FAO, Jibrin GM, Ijeoma A (2008) Macmillan Nigeria secondary atlas. Macmillan Nigeria, Ibadan
Dawotola AW, van Gelder PHAJM, Vrijling JK (2010) Multi criteria decision analysis framework for risk management of oil and gas pipelines. In: Omer B (ed) Reliability, risk and safety. Taylor & Francis Group, London, pp 307–314
De Bruijne M, Van Eeten M (2007) Systems that should have failed: critical infrastructure protection in an institutionally fragmented environment. J Contingencies Crisis Manag 15:18–29
Egharevba RK, Osunde DO (2001) The effect of crude oil on seedling growth of two fruit trees: Chrysophllum albidum (Gambay albida) and Dacryodes edulis G. Don. J Sustain Agric 18:25–35
Eludoyin AO, Ofoezie IE, OgunkoyaO O (2004) The effect of Oja-titun market effluent on the chemical quality of receiving OPA reservoir in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. J Environ Manag 72(4):249–259
Eludoyin OM, Adelekan IO, Webster R, Eludoyin AO (2013) Air temperature, relative humidity, climate regionalization and thermal comfort of Nigeria. Int J Climatol. doi:10.1002/joc.3817
ERDAS (1999) ERDAS field guide, 5th edn. Atlanta, Georgia p 698
Fadeyibi IO, Jewo PI, Opoola P, Babalola OS, Ugburo A, Ademiluyi SA (2011) Burns and fire disasters from leaking petroleum pipes in Lagos, Nigeria: an 8-year experience. Burns 37:145–152
Faith DP, Minchin PR, Belbin L (1987) Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Plant Ecol 69(1–3):57–68
Feeley KJ, Gillespie TW, Terborgh JW (2005) The utility of spectral indices from Landsat ETM+ for measuring the structure and composition of tropical dry forests. Biotropica 37(4):508–519
Floyd AG (1976) Effect of burning on regeneration from seeds in wet sclerophyll forest. Aust For 39(3):210–220
Gers C, Schmidt E (2001) Using SPOT 4 satellite imagery to monitor area harvested by small scale sugarcane farmers at Umfolozi. Proc S Afr Sugarcane Technol Assoc 75:28–33
Haklar JS, Dresnack R (1999) Safe separation distances from natural gas transmission pipelines. J Pipeline Saf 1(1):3–20
IBM (2011) IBM SPSS statistics 20 brief guide. IBM Corporation, p 170
Idemudia U, Ite UE (2007) Demystifying the Niger Delta conflict: towards an integrated explanation. Rev Afr Polit Econ 33(109):391–406
Ikporukpo BCO (1988) Managing oil pollution in Nigeria. In: Sada PO, Odemerho FO (eds) Environmental issues and management in Nigerian development. Evans Brothers Ltd, Nigeria, pp 224–229
Iloeje NP (1981) A new geography of Nigeria. Longman Nig. Ltd, Ikeja
Imevbore AMA, Odu CA (1985) Environmental pollution in the Niger Delta. In: Wilcox BHR, Powel CB (eds) Proceedings of a workshop on the mangrove ecosystem of the Niger Delta University of Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, 19–23 May, pp 133–155
Incardona JP, Collier TK, Scholz NK (2010) Oil spills and fish health: exposing the heart of the matter. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. doi:10.1038/jes.2010.51
Isichei AO, Ero H (1987) Responses of savanna to stress and disturbance-the beginning of desertification. In: Sagua VO, Enabor EE, Kio PRO, Ojanuga AU, Mortimore M, Kalu AE (eds) Ecological disasters in Nigeria: drought desertification. Federal Ministry of Science and Technology, Lagos, Nigeria, pp 78–92
Isumonah VA (2013) Armed society in the Niger Delta. Armed Forces Soc 39(2):331–358
Jike VT (2004) Environmental degradation, social disequilibrium, and the dilemma of sustainable development in the Niger-Delta of Nigeria. J Black Stud 34(5):686–701
Kleyer M, Dray S, Bello F, Lepš J, Pakeman RJ, Strauss B, Thuiller W, Lavorel S (2012) Assessing species and community functional responses to environmental gradients: which multivariate methods? J Veg Sci 23:805–821
Li R, Zhou F, Niu X, Di K (2007) Integration of Ikonos and QuickBird imagery for geopositioning accuracy analysis. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 73(9):1067–1074
Lindley A (2013) Displacement in contested places: governance, movement and settlement in the Somali territories. J East Afr Stud 7(2):291–313
Lyman MD, Potter GW (2007) Chapter 2: theories of organized criminal behavior. In: Gandhirajan CK (ed) Organized crime, 4th edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, pp 59–83
Maselli F, Claudio C, Petkov L (1994) Use of probability entropy for the estimation and graphical representation of the accuracy of maximum likelihood classifications. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens 49(2):13–20
Moe CL, Rheingans RD (2006) Global challenges in water, sanitation and health. J Water Health 4:41
Muhlbauer KW (2003) Pipeline risk management manual: ideas, techniques, and resources, 3rd edn. Gulf Professional, Houston p 395
Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC (2013) Oil production. http://www.nnpcgroup.com/NNPCBusiness/UpstreamVentures/OilProduction.aspx. Accessed on 18/11/2013
Okoli A, Chukwuma I, Orinya S (2013) Oil pipeline vandalism and Nigeria’s national security. Glob J Hum Soc Sci 13(5):67–75
Omeje K (2005) Oil conflict in Nigeria: contending issues and perspectives of the local Niger Delta people. New Polit Econ 10(3):321–334
Onuoha CF (2007) Poverty, pipeline vandalisation/explosion and human security: integrating disaster management into poverty reduction in Nigeria. Afr Secur Rev 16(2):94–108
Onuoha CF (2009) Why the poor pay with their lives: oil pipeline vandalisation, fires and human security in Nigeria. Disasters 33(3):369–389
Osumah O (2013) No war, no peace: the example of peacebuilding in the post-amnesty Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Afr Secur Rev 22(4):244–263
Oyeku OT, Eludoyin AO (2010) Heavy metal contamination of groundwater resources in a Nigerian urban settlement. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 4(4):201–214
Pyne SJ, Andrew PL, Lavens RD (1999) Introduction to wildland fire. Wiley, New York p 769
Raison RJ (1979) Modification of the soil environment by vegetation fires, with particular reference to nitrogen transformation: a review. Plant Soil 51:73–108
Sanchez-Faddeev H, Pijpe J, van der Hulle T, Meij HJ, van der Gaag KJ, Slagboom PE, Westendorp RGJ, de Knijff P (2013) The influence of clan structure on the genetic variation in a single Ghanaian village. Eur J Hum Genet 21:1134–1139
Seidl M, Simák L (2012) Protection of critical infrastructure. Logist Transp 14(1):82–101
Smith LA, Loza L (1994) Texas turns to GIS for oil spill management. Geogr Inf Syst 4(2):48–50
Smith B, Wilson JB (1996) A consumer’s guide to evenness indices. Oikos 76(1):70–82
Thomas SC (1996) Asymptotic height as a predictor of growth and allometric characteristics in Malaysian rainforest trees. Am J Bot 83(5):556–566
Thome K (2001) Absolute radiometric calibration of Landsat 7 ETM+ using the reflectance-based method. Remote Sens Environ 78:27–38
van den Berg H, Mbara TC (2011) Are risks associated with energy pipelines in South Africa appreciated? In: Proceedings of the 30th Southern African transport conference, 11–14 July, 2011, 333–342
Van Western C (2003) Introduction to ILWIS, International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/geography-alsaleh/ILWIS/ILWIS3_Introduction.pdf
White J (2006) Another deadly pipeline explosion in Nigeria, World socialist website, international committee of the fourth international. http://www.wsws.org/articles/2006/dec2006/nige-d29.shtml. Accessed 12/03/2012
Williams WT, Lambert JM (1959) Multivariate methods in plant ecology I. Association-analysis in plant communities. J Ecol 47:83–101
Wunder S (2005) Oil wealth and the fate of the forest: a comparative study of eight tropical countries. Taylor and Francis e-Library, Milton Park, p 432
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Omodanisi, E.O., Eludoyin, A.O. & Salami, A.T. Ecological effects and perceptions of victims of pipeline explosion in a developing country. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12, 1635–1646 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0569-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0569-0