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Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystems: an overview with special reference to phytoremediation

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Abstract

The ability of heavy metals bioaccumulation to cause toxicity in biological systems—human, animals, microorganisms and plants—is an important issue for environmental health and safety. Recent biotechnological approaches for bioremediation include biomineralization (mineral synthesis by living organisms or biomaterials), biosorption (dead microbial and renewable agricultural biomass), phytostabilization (immobilization in plant roots), hyperaccumulation (exceptional metal concentration in plant shoots), dendroremediation (growing trees in polluted soils), biostimulation (stimulating living microbial population), rhizoremediation (plant and microbe), mycoremediation (stimulating living fungi/mycelial ultrafiltration), cyanoremediation (stimulating algal mass for remediation) and genoremediation (stimulating gene for remediation process). The adequate restoration of the environment requires cooperation, integration and assimilation of such biotechnological advances along with traditional and ethical wisdom to unravel the mystery of nature in the emerging field of bioremediation. This review highlights better understanding of the problems associated with the toxicity of heavy metals to the contaminated ecosystems and their viable, sustainable and eco-friendly bioremediation technologies, especially the mechanisms of phytoremediation of heavy metals along with some case studies in India and abroad. However, the challenges (biosafety assessment and genetic pollution) involved in adopting the new initiatives for cleaning-up the heavy metals-contaminated ecosystems from both ecological and greener point of view must not be ignored.

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Acknowledgments

The compilation of this review article was supported by The Sheila Dhar Memorial Scholarship Fund, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India; DNA Club Project of The National Academy of Sciences, India (NASI) (funded by Ministry of Science & Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India vide order No. BT/PR9045/NDB/53/21/2007); and the Indian Farmer Fertilizer Cooperative (IFFCO) Ltd., Phulpur Unit, Ghiya Nagar, Allahabad. The corresponding author is grateful to Prof. Krishna Misra, General Secretary, NASI, and Dr. Niraj Kumar, PI, DNA Club Project and Executive Secretary NASI, for guiding him regularly to attend in the scientific deliberations, in Science Communication Programs/Scientific Research Paper Writings/Workshops/Seminars/Symposia, organized at national level and especially in the Annual Sessions of the Academy. The authors gratefully acknowledge the esteemed reviewers/editors for their critical assessment and valuable suggestions. However, opinions in the paper do not constitute an approval by the funding agencies but only reflect the personal views of the authors.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Sheila Dhar Institute of Soil Science, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, UP, India

    D. Mani & Chitranjan Kumar

  2. The National Academy of Sciences, India, Sheila Dhar Inst Soil Sci, University of Allahabad, 5 Lajpatrai Road, Allahabad, 211002, UP, India

    Chitranjan Kumar

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Mani, D., Kumar, C. Biotechnological advances in bioremediation of heavy metals contaminated ecosystems: an overview with special reference to phytoremediation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 11, 843–872 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-013-0299-8

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