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Does retina play a role in Parkinson's Disease?

Acta Neurologica Belgica volume 120, pages 257–265 (2020)Cite this article

Abstract

Visual disorder is one of the non-motor symptoms found in Parkinson’s disease (PD). It can be easily identified in the early stages even before the spread of pathological conditions to the brain parts. Studies have revealed that loss of dopamine (DA) cells in retinal layers is a prime cause for both retinal disturbance and pathological conditions of PD. This reduction of DA in retina is due to the aggregation of phosphorylated α-synuclein (aSyn) in the intra-retinal region, which eventually results in visual impairment in PD. Until now, very limited studies have been focused on the mechanism of aSyn influence and DA depletion as a cause for both retinal layer dysfunction and PD. Thus, more research is warranted to provide the missing connection between the exact role of DA and aSyn as a risk factor for visual problems in PD. Hence, the current review’s focus is on the function and effects of DA degeneration in retinal cells of PD. Further, we suggest that iron plays a major role in regulating the aggregation of aSyn in the DA cells of retina and brain in PD. The study finds that the unidentified pathophysiological role of retinal degeneration in PD is an essential biomarker that needs further investigation to use it as a novel therapy in treating retinal dysfunctions in PD.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Abbreviations

PD:

Parkinson’s disease

AD:

Alzhiemer’s disease

DA:

Dopaminergic neurons

aSYN:

α-Synuclein

OCT:

Optical coherence tomography

mfERG:

Multifocal ERG

ERG:

Electroretinograms

VEP:

Visual-evoked potentials

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

MPTP:

1-Methyl, 4-phenyl, 1-2-3-6-tetrahydropyridine

PERG:

Pattern electroretinogram

STF:

Spatial tuning function

RNFL:

Retinal nerve fiber layer

RPE:

Retinal epithelial cells

IPL:

Inner plexiform layer

INL:

Inner nuclear layer

GCL:

Ganglion cell layer

PL:

Photoreceptor layer

GPCR:

G-protein coupled receptor protein

cAMP:

Cycline adenosine monophosphate

DAT:

Dopamine transporter

LTS:

Lewy-type α-synucleinopathy

DARC:

Detection of apoptosing retinal cells

SD-OCT:

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography

VH:

Visual hallucination

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Acknowledgement

I thank Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, and Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, for providing the necessary help to carry out the article review process.

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Affiliations

  1. Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, 600 006, India

    Subramaniam Mohana Devi & Nair P. Aswathy

  2. Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore, 641 043, India

    Iyer Mahalaxmi

  3. Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India

    Venkatesan Dhivya & Vellingiri Balachandar

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  1. Subramaniam Mohana Devi
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Correspondence to Vellingiri Balachandar.

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Mohana Devi, S., Mahalaxmi, I., Aswathy, N.P. et al. Does retina play a role in Parkinson's Disease?. Acta Neurol Belg 120, 257–265 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13760-020-01274-w

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Keywords

  • Parkinson’s disease (PD)
  • Visual dysfunction
  • Retinal biomarker
  • α-Synuclein (aSyn)
  • Dopamine (DA)