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Density and Dispersal Radius of Tamarixia radiata for Control of Diaphorina citri in Citrus Groves

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Abstract

Tamarixia radiata (Waterston) is the main parasitoid wasp released in abandoned, organic, and non-commercial citrus groves and in orange jasmine areas  for biological control of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (a vector of bacteria associated with huanglongbing), as a control tactic in a strategy termed External Management. The effectiveness of parasitism is influenced by the release density and radius of action of this parasitoid. This study determined the optimal release density and radius of action of T. radiata in a commercial citrus grove. Parasitoids were released at five densities (200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200 wasps/ha) at the center of circular areas with four different radii (7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 m). The parasitism rate was assessed using ‘Valencia’ sweet orange seedlings, each bearing 35 D. citri fourth-instar nymphs, attached to 26-year-old ‘Valencia’ sweet orange trees along the perimeter of each radius. For the 7.5-m radius, the highest parasitism rate (74.1%) was observed at the density of 3,200 wasps/ha. However, for the 15-m radius, the density of 3,200 wasps/ha resulted in lower parasitism (30.7%) of D. citri nymphs. No parasitism was observed for densities lower than 800 wasps/ha and release radii above 15 m. The highest parasitoid dispersal radius and area were 18.04 m and 114.02 m2, respectively, when 3,200 wasps were released. Therefore, 3,200 wasps/ha arranged at 56 equidistant release points (approximately 57 wasps/release point) is the recommended protocol for biological control of D. citri in citrus groves.

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Data Availability

Data used for this work are available in a public repository (Zenodo), identified with https://www.zenodo.org/record/6012090#.YgVSp5bMI2w.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the citrus companies for allowing us to conduct the trials on their farms. We thank Dr. Janet W. Reid (JWR Associates, USA) for editing the English text. This study was supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) 2017/21460-0 and the Fund for Citrus Protection (Fundecitrus). Wellington I. Eduardo and Adriano G. Garcia hold fellowships awarded by FAPESP, 2019/19649-3 and 2019/26071-8, respectively.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fund for Citrus Protection, Research and Development Dept, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil

    Denis Rogério Marin, Wellington Ivo Eduardo, Marcelo Pedreira Miranda, Arthur Fernando Tomaseto & Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe

  2. Citrosuco Agroindústria S.A. Research and Development Dept, Matão, São Paulo, Brazil

    Denis Rogério Marin

  3. Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, Dept of Entomology and Acarology, São Paulo Univ (USP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil

    Adriano Gomes Garcia & José Roberto Postali Parra

  4. São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, Rural Engineering and Soils (DEFERS), São Paulo, Ilha Solteira, Brazil

    Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz

  5. Federal Institute of Santa Catarina (IFSC), Santa Catarina, São Miguel do Oeste, Brazil

    Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi

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  1. Denis Rogério Marin
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Contributions

Conceptualization: Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe, José Roberto Postali Parra, Marcelo Pedreira Miranda, and Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz; Methodology: Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe, José Roberto Postali Parra, Marcelo Pedreira Miranda, and Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz; Formal analysis: Wellington Ivo Eduardo and Arthur Fernando Tomaseto; Writing—original draft preparation: Denis Rogério Marin, Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe, Wellington Ivo Eduardo, and Adriano Gomes Garcia; Writing—review and editing: Denis Rogério Marin, Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe, Wellington Ivo Eduardo, Adriano Gomes Garcia, Odimar Zanuzo Zanardi, Alexandre José Ferreira Diniz, José Roberto Postali Parra, Marcelo Pedreira Miranda, Arthur Fernando Tomaseto; Funding acquisition: Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe and Marcelo Pedreira Miranda; Supervision: Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe.

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Correspondence to Haroldo Xavier Linhares Volpe.

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Marin, D.R., Eduardo, W.I., Diniz, A.J.F. et al. Density and Dispersal Radius of Tamarixia radiata for Control of Diaphorina citri in Citrus Groves. Neotrop Entomol 52, 742–749 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-023-01056-y

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