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Detecting Darwinian Shortfalls in the Amazonian Odonata

  • Ecology, Behavior and Bionomics
  • Published:
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Abstract

Among the oldest winged insects, odonates are a monophyletic order that have become important models for ecological studies because of their highly diverse reproductive behaviors and their role as top predators and bioindicators. However, knowledge on evolutionary relationships within the order is still scarce compared to other taxa, and this situation is even more complicated in areas with high biodiversity, such as in the Amazon. Here, we sought to identify knowledge gaps on Amazonian Odonata regarding three main aspects: (i) how the inclusion of Amazonian taxa affects our interpretation of the evolutionary relationships of Zygoptera and Anisoptera; (ii) the position of Amazonian taxa in the existing supertree of the Odonata; (iii) dating evolutionary divergence between nodes using fossil records; (iv) assessing whether more species-rich basins (e.g., Amazon basin) have a larger phylogenetic gap when compared to basins with lower richness in South and Central America; and (v) in the light of our knowledge, we discuss diversification patterns found in the most predominant clades of Amazonian taxa. We built a supertree from currently available phylogenetic information of Odonata. The results show that there is no genetic information for 85% (n: 503) of the Amazonian species and that family level relationships are unknown for 17 genera. After compiling the data, we observed that clades belonging to Neotropical lineages are the most poorly resolved, with large polytomies. This problem was identified in many Anisoptera genera, such as Macrothemis, Dasythemis, Elasmothemis, and Erythrodiplax. Our results also suggest that not always the richest basins have the greatest phylogenetic gaps. As expected, we found important gaps in the existing Odonata phylogenies, especially in clades that include Amazonian representatives, that are also those less known from ecological and conservation perspectives.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Dra. Lenize Batista Calvão, MSc, Alejandro Del Palacio, and Frederico A. A. Lencioni for assisting with odonate identification and Dr. Erlane José Rodrigues da Cunha and Santelmo Vasconcelos for the help in the elaboration of the figures.

Funding

We thank Conservation International (CI), Grupo Agropalma, 33 Forest, Pesquisa de Biodiversidade na Amazônia Oriental (PPBio), Fundação Amazônica de Amparo a Estudo e Pesquisa (FAPESPA), Instituto de Floresta Tropical (IFT), CIKEL Ltda., Biodiversity Research Consortium Brazil-Norway (BCR), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) for financial and logistic support. We also thank for a PhD grant to FGC (CAPES process: 303252/2013–8) and PCI post-doc (CNPq process: 300881/2022–3). For a post-doc grant to GDSS and to CNPq for the productivity grants to LD (process: 307886/2015–8) and LJ (process: 304710/2019–9). LJ, LDSD, and GN research have been developed in the context of National Institutes for Science and Technology (INCT) in Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity Conservation, supported by MCTIC/CNPq (proc. 465610/2014–5) and FAPEG. RGF thanks CNPq (Proc. 307836/2019–3) for a productivity grant. ACR acknowledges funding by grants CGL2014-53140-P and PGC2018-096656-B-I00 from MCIN/AEI/https://doi.org/10.13039/501100011033 and from “ERDF A way of making Europe,” by the “European Union.”

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Pará – UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil

    Fernando Geraldo Carvalho & Leandro Juen

  2. Lab de Ecologia e Conservação, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Univ Federal Do Pará - UFPA, Belém, Pará, Brazil

    Fernando Geraldo Carvalho & Leandro Juen

  3. Lab de Ecologia Filogenética E Funcional, Depto de Ecologia, Univ Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Fernando Geraldo Carvalho & Leandro Duarte

  4. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Do Pantanal, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil

    Fernando Geraldo Carvalho

  5. Centro de Estudos Costeiros, Limnológicos E Marinhos (CECLIMAR), Depto Interdisciplinar, Univ Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, Imbé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Guilherme Dubal Santos Seger

  6. Dept of Life Sciences, Texas A&M Univ, Corpus Christi, TX, USA

    Gabriel Nakamura

  7. Lestes Lab, Dept of Biological Sciences, Federal Univ of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Rhainer Guillermo-Ferreira

  8. ECOEVO Lab, E.E. Forestal, Univ de Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain

    Adolfo Cordero-Rivera

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  1. Fernando Geraldo Carvalho
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Contributions

The author, F. G. Carvalho, was the main person responsible for writing the entire text of the article (Abstract, Introduction, Material and methods, Results and discussion), as well as in the elaboration of phylogeny. The authors L. S. Duarte and G. D. S. Seger contributed in the elaboration of the phylogeny, as well as in the writing of the Introduction and Material and methods. The authors R. Guillermo-Ferreira and A. Cordero-Rivera contributed in the taxonomic revision and distribution of the species and checked the final text. The author L. Juen contributes to the elaboration of the discussion and with the correction of the whole text, as well as the revision of the phylogenetic data.

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Correspondence to Fernando Geraldo Carvalho.

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Carvalho, F.G., Duarte, L., Seger, G.D.S. et al. Detecting Darwinian Shortfalls in the Amazonian Odonata. Neotrop Entomol 51, 404–412 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-022-00961-y

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