Abstract
Most cultivars of apple trees are highly dependent on insects for successful pollination and fruit production. In this study, we evaluated the insect diversity in apple orchards of southern Brazil and verified whether or not there is a relationship between the diversity of insect visitors and the characteristics (weight, seed number, and symmetry) of the fruits of ‘Fuji’ and ‘Gala’ apples produced by the orchards. We also evaluated the diversity of insects on flowering weeds within apple orchards and compared it with the apple flowers. Diversity of anthophilous insects was low, in general, and differed between the regions. Furthermore, regarding insect diversity, orchards were grouped by management system: organic orchards were more similar to each other than to conventional orchards. The insect diversity of weed flowers was higher than apple flowers, but insect abundance was greater on apple flowers, suggesting that weeds may increase insect diversity within apple orchards and may sustain pollinators. We found a positive effect of insect diversity on the number of seeds of ‘Fuji’ apples and of honeybee abundance on their weight, suggesting that honeybee management is important in the studied areas. In contrast, we found no significant effect of insect diversity and abundance on ‘Gala’ apple characteristics. Despite this, the analyses of the seeds of ‘Gala’ apples indicate that the orchards may suffer a pollination deficit, which could be overcome by improving insect pollination. These results reinforce previous findings that insect diversity is important for apple yield, but its influence varies with cultivar.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Dr. Luciano Moura (Museu de Ciências Naturais–Fundação Zoobotânica) for identifying the Coleoptera species. We also thank Vânia M. A. Sganzerla for field and laboratory assistance, as well as several assistants during field work.
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This study was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior–Brasil (CAPES)–Finance Code 001.
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PNS, SW, MB, and BB planned and designed the experimental work; PNS, SW, JMR, CJA, LMS, and JD executed the experimental work; RH and LMS worked on insect identification; PNS and RH conducted the data analyses; PNS wrote the manuscript; and all authors revised it.
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Nunes-Silva, P., Witter, S., da Rosa, J.M. et al. Diversity of Floral Visitors in Apple Orchards: Influence on Fruit Characteristics Depends on Apple Cultivar. Neotrop Entomol 49, 511–524 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00762-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13744-020-00762-1