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Synthesis of MOF-70 based on diffusion method; microgram amount application as a highly efficient sorbent in dispersive micro solid phase extraction prior to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the preconcentration and extraction of pesticides from fruit juices

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Abstract

In the present research, a sample preparation method called dispersive microsolid phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed based on MOF-70 as a highly efficient adsorbent for the extraction of seven pesticides including chlorpyrifos, haloxyfop-R-methyl, oxadiazon, diniconazole, clodinafop-propargyl, fenpropathrin, and fenoxaprop-P-ethyl from various fruit beverages (orange, pineapple, pomegranate, grape, and cherry beverages). In the first step, the pesticides are loaded on the MOF particles from the sample solution by vortexing and then settled down by centrifugation. Then, they are desorbed by acetonitrile from the MOF surface. In the next step, the obtained acetonitrile phase is mixed with µL-level of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and injected into deionized water. After the final centrifugation, the sedimented phase is collected and an aliquot of the obtained phase is injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. MOF-70 is carefully synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. After optimization of the process, satisfactory figures of merit were obtained such as high extraction recoveries (35–96%) and enrichment factors (175–480), low relative standard deviations (4.5–8.5%), wide linear ranges, and low limits of detection (0.20–0.76 µg L−1) and quantification (0.65–2.47 µg L−1). The developed approach can be introduced as a highly efficient analytical method based on MOF-70 for the analysis of various pesticides in juice samples.

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Data availability

All the achieved data and the applied materials are transparently mentioned in this work.

Code availability

There is no code available in this work.

Abbreviations

DLLME:

Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction

DµSPE:

Dispersive microsolid phase extraction

EF:

Enrichment factor

FID:

Flame ionization detector

GC:

Gas chromatography

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

LR:

Linear range

MOF:

Metal organic framework

MS:

Mass spectrometry

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to University of Tabriz for financial support.

Funding

Funding of the research was supported by University of Tabriz, Iran.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Sakha Pezhhanfar & Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  2. Engineering Faculty, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99138, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  3. Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mir Ali Farajzadeh

  4. Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini-Yazdi

  5. Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam

Authors
  1. Sakha Pezhhanfar
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  2. Mir Ali Farajzadeh
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  3. Seyed Abolfazl Hosseini-Yazdi
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  4. Mohammad Reza Afshar Mogaddam
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Contributions

SP (MOF synthesis and characterization, analytical analysis, and writing). MAF (Analytical methodology and editing the manuscript). SAHY (MOF synthesis and characterization). MRAM (Analytical methodology).

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mir Ali Farajzadeh.

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Pezhhanfar, S., Farajzadeh, M.A., Hosseini-Yazdi, S.A. et al. Synthesis of MOF-70 based on diffusion method; microgram amount application as a highly efficient sorbent in dispersive micro solid phase extraction prior to dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the preconcentration and extraction of pesticides from fruit juices. J IRAN CHEM SOC 19, 2407–2419 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02456-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-021-02456-w

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