Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Development of UPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing phorate: application to wastewater treatment

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A sensitive and selective assay based on liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed for quantification of phorate in river water. The chromatographic separation of phorate was achieved on Zorbax C18 column using two mobile phase consisting 0.1% formic acid in methanol, and 0.1% formic acid in MilliQ water (v/v ratio of 96:04) by isocratic elution method at a flow rate of 300 µL/min. The quantification was carried out using multiple reaction monitoring transitions of m/z 261/75 for phorate. The lower limit of detection and limit of quantification for the developed UPLC-MS/MS was 0.08 ng/mL and of 0.19 ng/mL respectively. The assay was validated for selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. The developed assay was then employed for quantification of phorate in river water and wetland treated water. The role of constructed wetlands (CW) in phorate removal was established in this study. The removal efficiency of phorate by Constructed Wetland was found to be 60–90% along with an overall 70–90% reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD) and phosphorus (P).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

References

  1. W. Liu, Y. Hu, J. Zhao, Y. Xu, Y. Guan, J. Chromatogr. A 1095, 1 (2005)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. G.J. Devine, M.J. Furlong, Agric. Hum. Values 24, 281 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. R.P. Carneiro, F.A.S. Oliveira, F.D. Madureira, G. Silva, W.R. de Souza, R.P. Lopes, Food Control 33, 413 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. M.M. Rahman, S.W. Kim, T.W. Na, A.M. Abd El-Aty, Y.J. Lee, J.S. Park, A. Ramadan, H.S. Lee, H.S. Chung, J.H. Choi, H.C. Shin, J.H. Shim, J. Seperation Sci. 39, 2079 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Rani, R. Lal, G.S. Kanade, A. Juwarkar, Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 49, 112 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Q. Saquib, S.M. Attia, M.A. Siddiqui, M.A. Aboul-Soud, A.A. Al-Khedhairy, J.P. Giesy, J. Musarrat, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 259, 54 (2012)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. P.C. Abhilash, N. Singh, J. Hazard. Mater. 165, 1 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. E.P. Lichtenstein, T.W. Fuhremann, K.R. Schulz, J. Agric. Food Chem. 22, 991 (1974)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. D. Suett, Pestic. Sci. 2, 105 (1971)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J.A. Davis, R. Froend, Wetlands Ecol. Manag. 7, 13 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Lord, M.A. May, J. Stevenson, Ann. Appl. Biol. 61, 19 (1968)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Thurman, I. Ferrer, J.A. Zweigenbaum, Multiresidue Analysis of 301 Pesticides in Food Samples by LC/Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry (Agilent Technologies Inc, 2008)

  13. F. Hong, S. Pehkonen, J. Agric. Food Chem. 46, 1192 (1998)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. L. He, X. Luo, H. Xie, C. Wang, X. Jiang, K. Lu, Anal. Chim. Acta 655, 52 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. R. Budd, A. O’Geen, K.S. Goh, S. Bondarenko, J. Gan, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 2925 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. T.D.D. Souza, A.C. Borges, A.T.D. Matos, A.H. Mounteer, M.E.L.R.D. Queiroz, Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 21, 878 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. J. Wu, Y. Feng, Y. Dai, N. Cui, B. Anderson, S. Cheng, Sci. Total Environ. 553, 13 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Moore, J. Rodgers Jr., C. Cooper, S. Smith Jr., Environ. Pollut. 110, 393 (2000)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Vymazal, T. Brezinova, Environ. Int. 75, 11 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Bioanalytical method validation, guidance for industry (US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington DC, 2018)

    Google Scholar 

  21. P. Sharma, D. Kumar, S. Mutnuri, Biomed. Chromatogr. 33, e4392 (2019)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. A. Yadav, F. Chazarenc, S. Mutnuri, Ecol. Eng. 113, 88 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J.H. Rodgers Jr., A. Dunn, Ecol. Eng. 1, 83 (1992)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. N. Ahmad, D. Walgenbach, G. Sutter, Bull Environ. Contam Toxicol. 23, 423 (1979)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. C. Jansson, T. Pihlstrom, B.G. Osterdahl, K.E. Markides, J. Chromatogr. A 1023, 93 (2004)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. R. Su, X. Xu, X. Wang, D. Li, X. Li, H. Zhang, A. Yu, J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci. 879, 3423 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. C.C. Leandro, P. Hancock, R.J. Fussell, B.J. Keely, J. Chromatogr. A 1144, 161 (2007)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India, Environmental standards for ambient air, automobiles, fuels, industries and noise (2000)

  29. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), General standards for discharge of environmental pollutants part-a: Effluents (1986)

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India for financial assistance for a research project titled “Demonstration of River Sal Cleaning by Vertical Wetlands and River bed filtration”. Authors would also like to thank BITS Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, for providing UPLC-MS under the Central Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility (CSIF).

Funding

This work was supported by Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, India under the Grant BT/PR20496/BCE/8/1393/2016.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Applied Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, BITS Pilani, K.K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India

    Rajashree R. Yaragal & Srikanth Mutnuri

  2. Central Sophisticated Instrumentation Facility, BITS Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH 17B, Zuarinagar, Goa, 403726, India

    Devendra Kumar

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-602, USA

    Devendra Kumar

Authors
  1. Rajashree R. Yaragal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Devendra Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Srikanth Mutnuri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All the authors have made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data. Authors have participated in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content and have given final approval of the version to be submitted.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Srikanth Mutnuri.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors declare that there are no competing interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yaragal, R.R., Kumar, D. & Mutnuri, S. Development of UPLC-MS/MS method for analyzing phorate: application to wastewater treatment. J IRAN CHEM SOC 17, 2923–2931 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01971-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-020-01971-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation