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Application of multivariate optimization method in nanomolar simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine in the presence of uric acid using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a hydroxyapatite-Fe3O4 nanoparticle/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite

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Abstract

The electrochemical oxidation of morphine (MO) and codeine (COD) has been investigated by the application of a novel glassy carbon electrode modified with a hydroxyapatite-Fe3O4 nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite (HA-FeNPs-MWCNTs/GCE). The modified electrode worked as an efficient sensor for simultaneous determination of MO and COD in the presence of uric acid. Response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the voltammetric response of the modified electrode for the determination of MO and COD. The amount of HA-FeNPs in the modifier matrix (%HA-FeNPs), the solution pH and the accumulation time were chosen as the three important operating factors through the experimental design methodology. The central composite design as a response surface approach was applied for obtaining the optimum conditions leading to maximum oxidation peak currents for MO and COD. The differential pulse voltammetry results showed that the obtained anodic peak currents were linearly proportional to concentration in the range of 0.08–32 µM with a detection limit (S/N = 3.0) of 14 nM for MO and in the range of 0.1–28 µM and with a detection limit of 22 nM for COD. The proposed method was successfully applied to determine these compounds in human urine and blood serum samples.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the research council of Arak University for providing financial support (No. 92.9829) for this work. Special thanks to Professor A. J. McQuillan from Otago University in New Zealand for his valuable comments on this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arāk, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Ali Babaei & Mohammad Afrasiabi

  2. Institute of Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Arak University, Arāk, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Ali Babaei

  3. Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering, Standard Research Institute (SRI), P.O. Box 31745-139, Karaj, Islamic Republic of Iran

    Meisam Shabanian

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  1. Ali Babaei
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  3. Meisam Shabanian
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Correspondence to Ali Babaei.

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Babaei, A., Afrasiabi, M. & Shabanian, M. Application of multivariate optimization method in nanomolar simultaneous determination of morphine and codeine in the presence of uric acid using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a hydroxyapatite-Fe3O4 nanoparticle/multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite. J IRAN CHEM SOC 14, 2305–2317 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13738-017-1167-0

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