Abstract
High-density polyethylene (HDPE)/linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) blends have been designed by varying the HDPE:LLDPE ratio. The ratio of 70:30 showed the best combination of tensile properties (19.53 MPa), melt flow index (MFI) (1.75 g/10 min) and hardness properties (Shore D 46.5), and its tensile strength and hardness was greater than those of plain LLDPE, whereas its MFI was greater than that of a plain HDPE. Hence, with the same composition, the composites were made by addition of silica with a ratio of 10–40%. Incorporation of silica acts as a reinforcement into the system and improves the structural rigidity and 30% incorporation showed the best performance in terms of tensile (23.69 MPa), and hardness (Shore D 48) but slightly less MFI (0.85 g/10 min) of the composites. Incorporating coconut shell charcoal (CSC) not only improves the system’s performance but also utilizes its waste and properties are measured as tensile strength (22.33 MPa), maintaining the hardness properties and slight reduction in MFI (0.77 g/10 min). All blends and composites were processed through extrusion and palletization followed by compression molding. Plain silica, CSC as well as the selected blends and composites were evaluated by FTIR, XRD, and SEM analyses. Hence, the synergistic effect of silica and CSC in the HDPE-LLDPE blend is studied and such a composite can be suitable in automotive applications.
Graphical abstract
![](http://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Figa_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig1_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig2_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig3_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig4_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig5_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig6_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig7_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig8_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig9_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig10_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig11_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig12_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig13_HTML.jpg)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig14_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig15_HTML.png)
![](http://media.springernature.com/m312/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs13726-023-01146-z/MediaObjects/13726_2023_1146_Fig16_HTML.png)
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
There is no extra data available for this publication.
References
Sauter DW, Mostafa T, Christophe B (2017) Polyolefins: a success story. Polymers 9:185
Ogah AO, Afiukwa JN (2012) The effects of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) on the mechanical properties of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) film blends. Int J Eng Manag Sci 3:85–90
Ronca S (2017). In: Gilbert M (ed) Brydson’s plastics materials, 8th edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford
Pankaj A, Milena HAS, Shirley NC, Daniel MGF, Jeane PA, Akidauana DBO, Tomás JAM (2022) Rheological properties of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene blends. Polym Bull 79:2321–2343
Rana SK (1998) Crystallization of high-density polyethylene-linear low-density polyethylene blend. J Appl Polym Sci 69:2599–2607
Salakhov II, Shaidullin NM, Chalykh AE, Matsko MA, Shapagin AV, Batyrshin AZ, Shandryuk GA, Llya EN (2021) Low-temperature mechanical properties of high-density and low-density polyethylene and their blends. Polymers 13:1821
Freitas DMG, Oliveira ABD, Alves AM, Cavalcanti SN, Agrawal P, Mélo TJA (2021) Linear low-density polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blends: effect of high-density polyethylene content on die swell and flow instability. J Appl Polym Sci 138:49910
Simpson DM, Vaughan GA (2001). In: Mark HF, Kroschwitz JI (eds) Encyclopaedia of polymer science and technology, vol 2. Wiley, New York
Gupta AK, Rana SK, Deopura B (1992) Mechanical properties and morphology of high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene blend. J Appl Polym Sci 46:99–108
Rahman A, Ali I, Al Zahrani SM, Eleithy RM (2011) A review of the applications of nanocarbon polymer composites. NANO 6:185–203
Gwak IS, Hwang JH, Sohn JM, Lee SH (2017) Economic evaluation of domestic biowaste to ethanol via a fluidized bed gasifier. J Ind Eng Chem 47:391–398
Chaudhary DS, Jollands MC, Cser F (2004) Recycling rice hull ash: a filler material for polymeric composites. Adv Polym Technol 23:147–155
Shang SW, Williams JW, Soderholm KJM (1994) How the work of adhesion affects the mechanical properties of silica-filled polymer composites. J Mater Sci 29:2406–2416
Alameri I, Oltulu M (2020) Mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced by silica-based materials of various sizes. Appl Nanosci 10:4087–4102
Deka BK, Maji TK (2012) Effect of silica nanopowder on the properties of wood flour/polymer composite. Polym Eng Sci 52:1516–1523
Parisi M, Nanni A, Colonna M (2021) Recycling of chrome-tanned leather and its utilization as polymeric materials and in polymer-based composites: a review. Polymers 13:429
Yuliet R, Permana D (2021) Utilization of coconut shell charcoal to improve bearing capacity of clay as subgrade for road pavement. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 823:012041
Verma D, Goh KL (2021) Effect of mercerization/alkali surface treatment of natural fibres and their utilization in polymer composites: mechanical and morphological studies. J Compos Sci 5:175
Obi FO, Ugwuishiwu BO, Nwakaire JN (2016) Agricultural waste concept, generation, utilization, and management. Niger J Technol 35:957–964
Fredi G, Dorigato A (2021) Recycling of bioplastic waste: a review. Adv Ind Eng Polym Res 4:59–177
Manjunatha H, Devaraju R (2022) Coconut shell powder reinforced epoxy composites: a review. Agric Rev 43:98–103
Ting TL, Jaya RP, Hassan NA, Yaacob H, Jayanti DS, Ariffin MAM (2016) A review of chemical and physical properties of coconut shell in asphalt mixture. J Teknol 78:85–89
Sarki J, Hassan SB, Aigbodion VS, Oghenevweta JS (2011) Potential of using coconut shell particle fillers in eco-composite materials. J Alloys Compd 509:2381–2385
Ojha S, Raghavendra G, Acharya SK (2016) Effect of carbonized coconut shell particles on mechanical properties of bio-based composite. J Miner Met Mater Eng 2:6–10
Obada DO, Kuburi LS, Dauda M, Umaru S, Dodoo AD, Balogun MB, Iliyasu I, Iorpenda MJ (2020) Effect of variation in frequencies on the viscoelastic properties of coir and coconut husk powder reinforced polymer composites. J King Saud Univ Eng Sci 32:148–157
Agunsoye JO, Odumosu AK, Dada O (2019) Novel epoxy-carbonized coconut shell nanoparticles composites for car bumper application. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 102:893–899
Oluwole OI, Oluwaseun KL (2016) Mechanical, abrasion and water absorption characteristics of coconut shell ash and charcoal based polyester composites. West Indian J Eng 16:51–67
Mohankumararadhya HM, Wadappi P, Chandrashekar A, Naik Y (2020) Studies on biowaste product particle reinforced polymer composites. In: AIP Conference Proceedings vol 2274 (1). AIP Publ LLC, p 030047
Amin NU, Khatthak S, Noor S, Feeroze I (2016) Synthesis and characterization of silica from bottom ash of sugar industry. J Clean Prod 117:207–211
Rampe MJ, Santoso IR, Rampe HL, Tiwow VA, Apita A (2021) Infrared spectra patterns of coconut shell charcoal as result of pyrolysis and acid activation origin of Sulawesi Indonesia. E3S Web of Conf EDP Sci 328:08008
Mukarrom F, Karsidi R, Gravitiani E, Astuti F, Maharditya W (2020) The assessment of claystone, quartz, and coconut shell charcoal for adsorbing heavy metals ions in acid mine drainage. IOP Conf Series Mat Sci Eng IOP Publ. 858:012040
Akidauana DBO, Daniel MGF, Jeane PA, Shirley NC, Debora SC, Pankaj A, Tomás JAM (2020) HDPE/LLDPE blends: rheological, thermal, and mechanical properties. Mater Res Innov 24:289–294
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Bhanushali, S., Srivats, D.S., Mishra, P. et al. Silica/coconut shell charcoal/high-density polyethylene/linear low-density polyethylene composites. Iran Polym J 32, 571–584 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-023-01146-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-023-01146-z