Abstract
Interpolated flaps are frequently used in the reconstruction of facial wounds. In this paper, we review the design and execution of the paramedian forehead flap, cheek-to-nose interpolation flap, retroauricular interpolation flap, and the paranasal interpolation flap. Pre-operative planning, flap design, flap execution, and complications will be discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance
Bordeaux JS et al. Prospective evaluation of dermatologic surgery complications including patients on multiple antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(3):576–83.
Newlove T, Cook J. Safety of staged interpolation flaps after Mohs micrographic surgery in an outpatient setting: a single-center experience. Dermatol Surg. 2013;39(11):1671–82. This retrospective review presents the major complications encountered in the most common interpolation flap procedures.
Stables G, Lawrence CM. Management of patients taking anticoagulant, aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and other anti-platelet drugs undergoing dermatological surgery. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27(6):432–5.
Nguyen TH. Staged cheek-to-nose and auricular interpolation flaps. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(8 Pt 2):1034–45.
Ravitskiy L et al. The use of oral midazolam for perioperative anxiolysis of healthy patients undergoing Mohs surgery: conclusions from randomized controlled and prospective studies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(2):310–22.
Boyd CM et al. The forehead flap for nasal reconstruction. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136(11):1365–70.
Correa BJ et al. The forehead flap: the gold standard of nasal soft tissue reconstruction. Semin Plast Surg. 2013;27(2):p. 96–103. This article provides a useful summary for each step of the paramedian forehead flap.
Jellinek NJ, Nguyen TH, Albertini JG. Paramedian forehead flap: advances, procedural nuances, and variations in technique. Dermatol Surg. 2014;40 Suppl 9:p. S30–42. This article provides the experience and technical advice of three surgeons from three separate institutions on paramedian forehead flaps.
Vural E, Batay F, Key JM. Glabellar frown lines as a reliable landmark for the supratrochlear artery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2000;123(5):543–6.
Faris C, van der Eerden P, Vuyk H. The midline central artery forehead flap: a valid alternative to supratrochlear-based forehead flaps. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2015;17(1):16–22. This article clarifies the geometry and vascular supply of the midline forehead flap.
Skaria AM. Median forehead flap: a reliable alternative for nose repair. Dermatol Surg. 2015;41:862–4.
Paddack AC et al. Outcomes of paramedian forehead and nasolabial interpolation flaps in nasal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;138(4):367–71.
Campbell JP. The temporary alar suspension stitch: a refinement in forehead flap reconstruction of nasal defects. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(6):1587–91.
Shumrick KA, Smith TL. The anatomic basis for the design of forehead flaps in nasal reconstruction. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118(4):373–9.
Menick FJ. Nasal reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(4):p. 138e–50. This article provides an overview of nasal reconstruction from a leading experts in the field.
Burget GC. Aesthetic reconstruction of the tip of the nose. Dermatol Surg. 1995;21(5):419–29.
Little SC, Hughley BB, Park SS. Complications with forehead flaps in nasal reconstruction. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(6):1093–9.
Cook JL. The reconstruction of the nasal ala with interpolated flaps from the cheek and forehead: design and execution modifications to improve surgical outcomes. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171 Suppl 2:29–36. This article provides a thorough summary of the cheek-to-nose flap.
Somoano B, Kampp J, Gladstone HB. Accelerated takedown of the paramedian forehead flap at 1 week: indications, technique, and improving patient quality of life. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;65(1):97–105.
Smith H, Elliot T, Vinciullo C. Repair of nasal tip and alar defects using cheek-based 2-stage flaps: an alternative to the median forehead flap. Arch Dermatol. 2003;139(8):1033–6.
Fader DJ, Baker SR, Johnson TM. The staged cheek-to-nose interpolation flap for reconstruction of the nasal alar rim/lobule. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(4):614–9.
Hynes B, Boyd JB. The nasolabial flap. Axial or random? Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1988;114(12):1389–91.
Justiniano H, Eisen DB. Pearls for perfecting the mastoid interpolation flap. Dermatol Online J. 2009;15(6):p. 2. This article provides an overview of the retroauricular flap.
Renard A. Postauricular flap based on a dermal pedicle for ear reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1981;68(2):159–65.
Johnson TM, Fader DJ. The staged retroauricular to auricular direct pedicle (interpolation) flap for helical ear reconstruction. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1997;37(6):975–8.
Adnot J, Salasche SJ. Visualized basting sutures in the application of full-thickness skin grafts. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1987;13(11):1236–9.
Fisher GH, Cook JW. The interpolated paranasal flap: a novel and advantageous option for nasal-alar reconstruction. Dermatol Surg. 2009;35(4):p. 656–61. This article discusses the advantages and challenges of using the paranasal flap.
Jewett BS. Interpolated forehead and melolabial flaps. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2009;17(3):361–77.
Compliance with Ethics Guidelines
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Medical Surgery
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Simmons, A., Xu, J.C. & Bordeaux, J.S. Improving the Design and Execution of Interpolation Flaps. Curr Derm Rep 4, 119–124 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-015-0111-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-015-0111-8