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Advanced Botulinum Toxin Injections for Dynamic Rhytides: Treating the Upper Face, Lower Face, and Beyond

  • Cosmetic Dermatology (JF Sobanko, Section Editor)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Botulinum toxin (BT) is a neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive anaerobic bacterium with different serotypes. It blocks acetylcholine release after binding to the presynaptic cholinergic receptors, thus preventing muscular contraction of the affected muscles. The muscular effects of BT usually last approximately from 3 to 6 months. Only botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT-A) and botulinum neurotoxin B (BoNT-B) are commercially available and are approved for cosmetic and therapeutic uses. The BoNT-A is the most used serotype and the onabotulinumtoxin A (ONA), and abobotulinumtoxin A (ABO) are the prototypical products. The main cosmetic indications of BT are facial dynamic wrinkles, including the three thirds of the face, facial asymmetry, and masseteric hypertrophy as well as platysmal bands and selected chest wrinkles. BoNT-A injections can be safely combined with different cosmetic procedures. BT injections are considered a safe and efficient procedure, when performed by an experienced professional. Side effects are temporary and usually injection-related.

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Conflict of Interest

Doris Hexsel, M.D. has received research support from Galderma, Ispen, and Allergan and consultant fees, educational presentation honoraria, and travel reimbursement from Galderma and Ispen.

Taciana Dal’Forno Dini, M.D., PhD. has received consultant fees from Galderma and Mantecorp and educational presentation honoraria from Mantecorp.

Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent

All studies by the authors involving animal and/or human subjects were performed after approval by the appropriate institutional review boards. When required, a written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

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  1. Department of Dermatology, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), Brazilian Center for Studies in Dermatology, Dom Pedro II 1592, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

    Doris Hexsel & Taciana Dal’Forno Dini

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  1. Doris Hexsel
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  2. Taciana Dal’Forno Dini
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Correspondence to Doris Hexsel.

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Hexsel, D., Dini, T.D. Advanced Botulinum Toxin Injections for Dynamic Rhytides: Treating the Upper Face, Lower Face, and Beyond. Curr Derm Rep 3, 103–112 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13671-014-0075-0

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