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Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review

Current Pulmonology Reports volume 8, pages 14–21 (2019)Cite this article

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this review is to discuss the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment, including areas of controversy and uncertainty.

Recent Findings

Central apnea may be due to hypoventilation or to hypocapnia following hyperventilation. The occurrence of central apnea initiates a cascade of events that perpetuates breathing instability, recurrent central apnea, and upper airway narrowing. In fact, breathing instability and upper airway narrowing are key elements of central and obstructive apnea. Clinically, central apnea is noted in association with obstructive sleep apnea, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cerebrovascular accident tetraplegia, and chronic opioid use. Management strategies for central apnea aim to eliminate abnormal respiratory events, stabilize sleep, and alleviate the underlying clinical condition. Positive pressure therapy (PAP) remains a standard therapy for central as well as obstructive apnea. Other treatment options include adaptive servo-ventilation (ASV), supplemental oxygen, phrenic nerve stimulation, and pharmacologic therapy. However, ASV is contraindicated in patients with central sleep apnea who had heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, owing to increased mortality in this population.

Summary

There are several therapeutic options for central apnea. Randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the long-term effectiveness of individual, or combination, treatment modalities in different types of central apnea.

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Fig. 1

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical; Care and Sleep Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    M. Safwan Badr

  2. John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA

    M. Safwan Badr

  3. Sleep Laboratory, Bethesda North Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Shahrokh Javaheri

  4. Division of Pulmonary Sleep and Critical Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Shahrokh Javaheri

  5. Division of Cardiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Shahrokh Javaheri

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  1. M. Safwan Badr
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Correspondence to M. Safwan Badr.

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Shahrokh Javaheri reports fees from Respicardia as a consultant.

M. Safwan Badr declares no conflict of interest.

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Badr, M.S., Javaheri, S. Central Sleep Apnea: a Brief Review. Curr Pulmonol Rep 8, 14–21 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13665-019-0221-z

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Keywords

  • Central apnea
  • Sleep
  • Opioid
  • Heart failure
  • Positive pressure therapy
  • CPAP
  • BPAP
  • Adaptive servo-ventilation