Abstract
Our in-depth study of 12, spiritual but not religious (SBNR), participants arrested to protect nature as sacred presents a case to consider the religious and spiritual meanings of contemporary environmental and ecology movements. Through a lived religious approach to participants’ narratives of environmental justice (ENVJ) activism, this paper identified four themes—reconstructing self and nature, re-envisioning social and moral life, living with vulnerability, and practices of spiritual and cultural work—whose meanings evidenced transformative spiritual effects on participants identity, ethics, coping, and ways of participating in society. Findings present a case to argue that although ENVJ activism resembles a SBNR phenomenon and satisfies criteria of an implicit religion, it most closely aligns with a contemporary nature religion whose substantive essence is an immanent sense of nature as sacred.
References
Albanese, Catherine L. 1991. Nature religion in America. From the Algonkian Indians to the new age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ammerman, Nancy T. 2013. Spiritual but not religious? Beyond binary choices in the study of religion. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52: 258–278.
Ammerman, Nancy T. 2014. Finding Religion in Everyday Life. Sociology of Religion 75: 189–207.
Bailey, Edward. 1990. Implicit religion: An introduction. London: Middlesex University Press.
Bartkowski, John P., and W.Scott Swearingen. 1997. God meets Gaia in Austin, Texas: A case study of environmentalism as implicit religion. Review of Religious Research 38: 308–324.
Bauman, Whitney A., and Richard R. Bohannon (eds.). 2017. Grounding religion: A field guide to the study of religion and ecology. New York: Routledge.
Bellah, Robert N., Richard Madsen, William M. Sullivan, Ann Swidler, and Steven M. Tipton. 2008. Habits of the heart, 2nd ed. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Bender, Courtney. 2010. New metaphysicals: Spirituality and the American religious imagination. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Benthall, Jeremy. 2008. Returning to religion: Why a secular age is haunted by faith. London: I. B. Tauris.
Berry, Evan. 2015. Devoted to nature: The religious roots of American environmentalism. Oakland: University of California Press.
Bloch, Jon P. 1998. Alternative spirituality and environmentalism. Review of Religious Research 40: 55–73.
Blumer, Herbert. 1954. What is wrong with social theory? American Sociological Review 19: 3–10.
Chidester, David. 1987. Patterns of action: Religion and ethics in comparative perspective. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Deal, Paul J., and Gina Magyar-Russell. 2018. Sanctification theory: Is nontheistic sanctification nontheistic enough? Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 10: 244–253.
Demerath III, N.J. 2000. The varieties of sacred experience: Finding the sacred in a secular grove. Journal of the Social Scientific Study of Religion 39: 1–11.
Dunlap, Thomas. R. 2006. Environmentalism, a secular faith. Environmental Values 15: 321–330.
Eliade, Mircea. 1987. The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion. New York: Harcourt Inc.
Fuller, Robert. 2001. Spiritual but not religious: Understanding unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Publishing.
Frazer, Sir James G. 1975. Worship of nature. Whitefish: Kessinger.
Glacken, Clarence. 1967. Traces on the Rhodian shore: Nature and culture in western thought from ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The interpretations of cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Giddens, Anthony. 1994. Beyond left and right: The future of radical politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Gould, Rebecca K. 2005. At home in nature: Modern homesteading and spiritual practice in America. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Greeley, Andrew J. 1970. Religious intermarriage in a denominational society. American Journal of Sociology 75: 949–952.
Grim, John, Russel Powell, Matt T. Riley, Tara C. Trapani, and Mary E. Tucker. 2013. Religion and ecology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Heelas, Paul, and Linda Woodhead. 2005. The spiritual revolution: Why religion is giving way to spirituality. Malden: Blackwell.
Josselson, Ruthellen. 2004. The hermeneutics of faith and suspicion. Narrative Inquiry 14: 1–28.
Kasperek, Andrzej. 2017. Environmentalism and Duane Elgin’s concept of voluntary simplicity as examples of implicit esotericism. Implicit Religion 19: 507–524.
Leiserowitz, Anthony, Edward Maibach, Seth Rosenthal, John Kotcher, Matthew Ballew, Matthew Goldberg, and Abel Gustafson. 2018. Climate change in the American mind: December 2018. https://climatecommunication.yale.edu/publications/climate-change-in-the-american-mind-december-2018/. Accessed 15 May 2019.
Lincoln, Yvonna S., Susan A. Lynham, and Egon Guba. 2017. Paradigmatic controversies, contradictions, and emerging confluences, revisited. In The Sage handbook of qualitative research, 5th ed, ed. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln, 108–150. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
McAdams, Dan P., and Philip J. Bowman. 2001. Redemption and contamination. In Turns in the road: Narrative studies of lives in transition, ed. Dan McAdams, Ruthellen Josselson, and Anna Lieblich, 3–34. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
McCutcheon, Robert. 2003. The discipline of religion: Structure, meaning, rhetoric. London: Routledge.
McLean, Kate C., Monisha Pasupathi, and Jennifer L. Pals. 2007. Selves creating stories creating selves: A process model of self-development. Personality and Social Psychology Review 11: 262–278.
Mercadante, Linda A. 2014. Belief without borders: Inside the minds of the spiritual but not religious. New York: Oxford University Press.
Morrow, Susan L. 2005. Quality and trustworthiness in qualitative research in counseling psychology. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52: 250–260.
Nelson, Robert H. 2014. Calvinism without God: American environmentalism as implicit Calvinism. Implicit Religion 17: 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.v17i3.249.
Patton, Michael Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2012. “Nones” on the rise: One in five adults have no religious affiliation. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.perforum.org/2012/10/09/nones-on-the-rise/. Accessed 15 May, 2019.
Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. 2017. More Americans now say they’re spiritual but not religious. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/09/06/more-americans-now-say-theyre-spiritual-but-not-religious/. Accessed 15 May 2019.
Proctor, James. 2006. Religion as trust in authority: Theocracy and ecology in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96: 188–196.
Romney, Kimball. A., William Batchelder and Susan C. Weller. 1986. Culture as consensus: A theory of culture and informant accuracy. American Anthropologist 88: 13–38.
Smart, Ninian. 1999. Dimensions of the sacred: An anatomy of the world’s beliefs. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Smith, Huston. 2009. The world’s religions. New York: Harper One.
Streib, Heinz, and W.Ralph Hood Jr. 2013. Modeling the religious field: Religion, spirituality, mysticism and related world views. Implicit Religion 16: 137–155.
Taves, Ann. 2018. What is nonreligion? On the virtues of a meaning systems framework for studying nonreligious and religious worldviews in the context of everyday life. Secularism and Nonreligion 7: 1–6.
Taylor, Bron. 2005. Encyclopedia of religion and nature. New York: Continuum.
Taylor, Bron. 2010. Dark green religion: Nature, spirituality, and the planetary future. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Taylor, Charles. 2007. A secular age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Taylor, Dorceta E. 2000. The rise of the environmental justice paradigm: Injustice framing and the social construction of environmental discourses. American Behavioral Scientist 43: 508–580.
Wells, Gail. 2008. Nature-based spirituality in Cascadia: Prospects and pitfalls. In Cascadia: The elusive utopia: Exploring the spirit of the Pacific Northwest, ed. Douglas Todd, 241–263. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press.
Worster, Donald. 1994. The wealth of nature: Environmental history and the ecological imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.
Yinger, John M. 1970. The scientific study of religion. New York: Macmillan.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Deal, P., O’Grady, K. Environmental Justice Activism: A Transformative, Contemporary Nature Religion. Rev Relig Res 62, 315–332 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00409-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-020-00409-y