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(Neo)adjuvante chemotherapie bij spierinvasieve blaaskanker

(Neo) adjuvant chemotherapy in muscle invasive bladder cancer

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Samenvatting

Spierinvasieve blaaskanker betreft ongeveer 30 % van de blaaskankers en is typisch een ziekte van de oudere patiënt. De ziekte kent een slechte prognose na radicale cystectomie. Chemotherapie in (neo)adjuvante setting wordt gegeven om micrometastasen, welke theoretisch zouden resulteren in recidief en macrometastasen, te steriliseren. Cisplatinebevattende neoadjuvante chemotherapie dient overwogen te worden bij spierinvasieve blaaskanker ≥ cT2 en geeft een winst van ca. 6 % op de tienjaarsoverleving. Cisplatine is echter toxisch en daardoor niet altijd toepasbaar bij deze patiëntengroep met comorbiditeit. Indien er sprake is van een beperkt aantal lymfekliermetastasen is curatie mogelijk met een chemotherapieschema met een hogere dosisintensiteit. De radiologische respons correleert matig met de pathologische respons. Van adjuvante chemotherapie zijn onvoldoende data beschikbaar die een overlevingsvoordeel laten zien en studies worden beperkt door slechte inclusie.

Een nieuwe ontwikkeling bij de behandeling van blaascarcinoom betreft de immunotherapie, met name met pembrolizumab, een anti-PD-1-antilichaam, waarvan fraaie responsen zijn beschreven in een fase 1-studie.

Abstract

At the time of diagnosis of bladder cancer 30 % is found to be muscle invasive. The prognosis of muscle invasive bladder cancer is poor en recurrence after radical systectomy is common. Bladder cancer is typically a disease of the elderly patient.

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for bladder cancer is administered to sterilize possible micrometastases at the time of diagnosis and thereby prevent recurrent disease. Neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy is indicated for muscle invasive bladder cancer (≥ cT2) and results in a ten-year survival benefit of ±6 %. Cisplatin however is toxic and because of its toxicity it is often not suitable for the eldery patient with co-morbidity. When there is only limited lymphnode involvement, curation is possible with a dose dense chemotherapy scheme. Radiological responses are known to correlate poorly to pathologic responses after cystectomy. There are still to little robust data and adequately powered studies rendering evidence for adjuvant chemotherapy. Studies performed in the past unfortunately were terminated early due to poor accrual.

New treatment modalities include immunotherapy and pembrolizumab, a monoclonal antibody directed against PD-1. Phase 1 studies show promising results with high response rates.

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de Mol, P., Gerritsen, W. (Neo)adjuvante chemotherapie bij spierinvasieve blaaskanker. Tijdschr Urol 5, 215–222 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13629-015-0104-1

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