Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bioactive potential and chemical characterization of Planaxis sulcatus (Phylum: Mollusca, Family: Planaxidae) solvent extracts

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Advances in Traditional Medicine Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The world urgently needs to discover new drugs to meet the challenges that threaten human health. Marine molluscs are known as natural sources of various bioactive compounds. In the present study, to evaluate the biological activity of the marine snail Planaxis sulcatus, soft tissues of the snail were extracted using acetone (Me2CO), ethanol (EtOH) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc). All extracts were tested for their total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and DPPH free radical scavenging activity. The extracts were also tested in vitro for their antimicrobial activities. The results showed that, EtOAc extract of P. sulcatus had the highest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content, followed by acetone extract. Concerning antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of tested extracts, EtOH extract showed a good antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris. The most promising extract, EtOH extract, was processed for cytotoxicity testing and GC–MS analysis based on antimicrobial testing. Ethanol extract revealed a significant cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG-2) and colorectal colon cancer cell lines. GC–MS analysis indicated the presence of 41 compounds in the EtOH extract with hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester and octadecanoic acid, ethyl ester as the main ingredients consisting 16.55% and 14.56% of the total content, respectively. These data suggest that P. sulcatus could be a good source for many compounds with antimicrobial and anticancer potentials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Me2CO:

Acetone

EtOH:

Ethanol

EtOAc:

Ethyl acetate

SPSS:

Statistical package of social science

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TPC:

Total phenolic content

DPPH:

2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

AAE:

Ascorbic acid equivalent

GAE:

Gallic acid equivalent

IC:

The amount of extract needed to scavenge 50% of DPPH radicals

Ps:

Planaxis sulcatus

HePG-2:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCT-116:

Colorectal carcinoma colon cancer

MCF-7:

Mammary gland breast cancer

ATCC:

American type culture collection

VACSERA:

The holding company for biological products and vaccines

Rt:

Retention time

M.W:

Molecular weight

M.F:

Molecular formula

GC–MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

MTT:

3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

References

  • Abdel-Wareth MTA, El-Hagrassi AM, Abdel-Aziz MS, Nasr SM, Ghareeb MA (2019) Biological activities of endozoic fungi isolated from Biomphalaria alexandrina snails maintained in different environmental conditions. Int J Environ Sci 76(5):780–799

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abu ElEinin HAM, Gad El-Karim RM, Habib MR, Zayed KM, Ali REM (2021) Identification of the gastropod snails and shells collected from Ain El-Sokhna region, Red Sea. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 25(3):101–117

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ademolu K, Akintola M, Olalonye A, Adelabu B (2015) Traditional utilization and biochemical composition of six mollusc shells in Nigeria. Rev Biol Trop 63:459–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ameri A, Shushizadeh MR, Nabavi SMP, Espere F, Ahmady AZ (2017) Antibacterial evaluation and biochemical characterization of Thais savignyi gastropod extracts from the Persian Gulf. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 12(2):e13942. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjnpp.13942

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amin M, Rakhisi Z, Zarei Ahmady A (2015) Isolation and identification of bacillus species from soil and evaluation of their antibacterial properties. Avicenna J Clin Microbiol Infect 2(1):23233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anwar F, Przybylski R (2012) Effect of solvents extraction on total phenolics and antioxidant activity of extracts from flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment 11(3):293–301

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arumugasamy K, Cyril R (2017) Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of the Tissue Extracts of Marine Gastropod Hemifusus Pugilinus (Born, 1778). J Chem Pharm Res 9(10):267–274

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beltagi S (2018) Studies on some gastropods and echinoderms of the shallow water in the intertidal zone between Ras Mohamed and Dahab at the Red Sea. Egypt J Egypt Acad Soc Environ Dev 19(1):1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benkendorff K (2010) Molluscan biological and chemical diversity: secondary metabolites and medicinal resources produced by marine molluscs. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 85(4):757–775

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkendorff K, Davis AR, Bremner J (2001) Chemical defense in the egg masses of benthic invertebrates: an assessment of antibacterial activity in 39 mollusks and 4 polychaetes. J Invertebr Pathol 78:109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benkendorff K, Rudd D, Nongmaithem BD, Liu L, Young F, Edwards V (2015) Are the traditional medical uses of muricidae molluscs substantiated by their pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds? Mar Drugs 13:5237–5275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blunt JW, Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR (2018) Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 35(1):8–53

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borquaye LS, Darko G, Oklu N, Anson-Yevu C, Ababio A (2016) Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Littorina littorea and Galatea paradoxa. Cogent Chem 2:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brand-Williams W, Cuvelier MF, Berset C (1995) Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT Food Sci Technol 28(1):25–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carroll AR, Copp BR, Davis RA, Keyzers RA, Prinsep MR (2019) Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 36:122–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty C, Hsu C, Wen Z, Lin C (2009) Anticancer drugs discovery and development from marine organisms. Curr Top Med Chem 9:1536–1545

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty K, Maneesh A, Makkar F (2017) Antioxidant activity of brown seaweeds. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 26:406–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciavatta ML, Lefranc F, Carbone M, Mollo E, Gavagnin M, Betancourt T, Dasari R, Kornienko A, Kiss R (2016) Marine mollusk-derived agents with antiproliferative activity as promising anticancer agents to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Med Res Rev 37(4):702–801

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Datta D, Talapatra SN, Swarnakar S (2015) Bioactive compounds from marine invertebrates for potential medicines—an overview. Int Lett Nat Sci 34:42–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Defer D, Bourgougnon N, Fleury Y (2009) Screening for antibacterial and antiviral activities in three bivalve and two gastropod marine mollusks. Aquaculture 293:1–7

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donlan RM, Costerton JW (2002) Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. Clin Microbiol Rev 15(2):167–193

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duddu SK, Gurugubelli T, Gandham KG, Dogiparti A (2017) Antibacterial activity of the crude extract of a gastropod Cellana radiata (Born, 1778) from the Visakhapatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh. India Int J Mar Sci 7(14):125–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Eghianruwa QA, Osoniyi OR, Maina N, Wachira S (2019) Bioactive peptides from marine molluscs. Int J Biochem Res Rev 27(4):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elkhouly HI, Hamed AA, El Hosainy AM, Ghareeb MA, Sidkey NM (2021) Bioactive secondary metabolite from endophytic Aspergillus Tubenginses ASH4 isolated from Hyoscyamus muticus: Antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant and anticancer activity. Pharmacogn J 13(2):434–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shazly MAM, Hamed AA, Kabary HA, Ghareeb MA (2021) LC-MS/MS profiling, antibiofilm, antimicrobial and bacterial growth kinetic studies of Pluchea dioscoridis extracts. Acta Chromatogr. https://doi.org/10.1556/1326.2021.00956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essien EE, Ogunwande IA, Setzer WN, Ekundayo O (2012) Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies on S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils. Pharm Biol 50(4):474–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasu EN, Ahor HS, Borquaye LS (2019) Peptide mix from Olivancillaria hiatula interferes with cell-to-cell communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5313918

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Govindarajalu J, Anand M, Chelladurai G, Kumaraguru A (2016) Bioactive potential of some economically important marine gastropods along the Gulf of Mannar region, southeast coast of India. J Coast Life Med 4(8):608–611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Habib MR, Hamed AA, Ali REM, Zayed KM, Gad El-Karim RM, Sabour R, Abu El-Einin HM, Ghareeb MA (2022) Thais savignyi tissue extract: bioactivity, chemical composition, and molecular docking. Pharm Biol 60(1):1899–1914. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2022.2123940

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Haefner B (2003) Drugs from the deep: Marine natural products as drug candidates. Drug Discov 8(12):536–544

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamed AA, Soldatou S, Qader MM, Arjunan S, Miranda KJ, Casolari F, Pavesi C, Diyaolu OA, Thissera B, Eshelli M, Belbahri L, Luptakova L, Ibrahim NA, Abdel-Aziz MS, Eid BM, Ghareeb MA, Rateb ME, Ebel R (2020) Screening fungal endophytes derived from under-explored Egyptian marine habitats for antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in factionalised textiles. Microorganisms 8:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimeno A, Amador ML, Gonzalez-Cortijo L, Tornamira MV, Ropero S, Valentin V, Hornedo J, Cortes-Funes H, Colomer R (2004) Initially metastatic breast carcinoma has a distinct disease pattern but an equivalent outcome compared with recurrent metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer 100(9):1833–1842. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20204

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang HK, Choi MC, Seo CH, Park Y (2018) Therapeutic properties and biological benefits of marine-derived anticancer peptides. Int J Mol Sci 19(3):919

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Karthikeyan SC, Velmurugan S, Donio MBS, Michaelbabu M, Citarasu T (2014) Studies on the antimicrobial potential and structural characterization of fatty acids extracted from Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerata. Ann Clin Microbial 13(1):1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Khelissa SO, Abdallah M, Jama C, Faille C, Chihib NE (2017) Bacterial contamination and biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and strategies to overcome their persistence. J Mater Environ Sci 8(9):3326–3346

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar KS, Ganesan K, Rao PV (2008) Antioxidant potential of solvent extracts of Kappaphycus alverezii (Doty). Edible Seaweed Food Chem 107:289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.08.016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Latire T, Legendre F, Bigot N, Carduner L, Kellouche S, Bouyoucef M, Carreiras F, Marin F, Lebel JM, Galéra P, Serpentini A (2014) Shell extracts from the marine bivalve Pecten maximus regulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix in primary cultured human skin fibroblasts. PLoS ONE 9(6):e99931

    Article  ADS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lawal B, Shittu OK, Ossai PC, Abubakar AN, Ibrahim AM (2015) Evaluation of antioxidant Activity of Giant African Snail (Achachatina maginata) haemolymph in CCl4- induced hepatotoxixity in albino rats. Br J Pharm Res 6(3):141–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madkour HMF, Ghareeb MA, Abdel-Aziz MS, Khalaf OM, Saad AM, El-Ziaty AK, Abdel-Mogib M (2017) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, antimicrobial, anticancer and antioxidant activities of n-hexane and methylene chloride extracts from Senna italic. J Appl Pharm Sci 7:23–32

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MolluscaBase eds (2021) MolluscaBase. Accessed at http://www.molluscabase.org on 2021-08-06. doi: https://doi.org/10.14284/448

  • Oh Y, Ahn CB, Nam KH, Kim YK, Yoon NY, Je JY (2019) Amino acid composition, antioxidant, and cytoprotective effect of blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) hydrolysate through the inhibition of caspase-3 activation in oxidative stress-mediated endothelial cell injury. Mar Drugs 17(2):135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pachaiyappan A, Muthuvel A, Sadhasivam G, Vidhya Sankar VJ, Sridhar N, Kumar M (2014) In vitro antioxidant activity of different Gastropods, Bivalves and Echinoderm by Solvent Extraction method. Int J Pharm Sci Res 5(6):2539–2545

    Google Scholar 

  • Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M (1999) Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Anal Biochem 269(2):337–341

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Proksch P, Edrata RA, Ebel R (2002) Drugs from the seas-current status and microbiological implications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:125–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qian ZJ, Won-Kyo J, Hee-Guk B, Se-Kwon K (2008) Protective effect of an antioxidative peptide purified from gastrointestinal digests of oyster, Crassostrea gigas against free radical induced DNA damage. Bioresour Technol 99:3365–3371

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramasamy P, Thampi DPK, Chelladurai G, Gautham N, Mohanraj S, Mohanraj J (2013) Screening of antibacterial drugs from marine gastropod Chicoreus ramosus (Linnaeus, 1758). J Coast Life Med 1(3):181–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Saeed NM, El-Demerdash E, Abdel-Rahman HM, Algandaby MM, Al-Abbasi FA, Abdel-Naim AB (2012) Anti-inflammatory activity of methyl palmitate and ethyl palmitate in different experimental rat models. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 264:84–93

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salas S, Chakraborty K (2020) Functional properties of the marine gastropod Molluscs Chicoreus ramosus and Babylonia spirata collected from the Southern Coast of India. J Aquat Food Prod Technol 29(3):264–278

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem A, Sulaiman A, Amir A, Abdel-Rahman AT, Nidal O (2014) The effect of phosphate ore on the immunomodulatory activities of haemocytes of the marine snail, Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1778) in the Gulf of Aqaba. Jordan Glob Vet 12:410–419

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanduja R, Sanduja SK, Weinheimer AJ, Alam M, Martin GE (1986) Isolation of the cembranolide diterpenes dihydrosinularin and 11-epi-sinulariolide from the marine mollusk Planaxis sulcatus. J Nat Prod 49(4):718–719

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shawky BT, Nagah M, Ghareeb MA, El-Sherbiny GM, Moghannem SAM, Abdel-Aziz MS (2019) Evaluation of antioxidants, total phenolics and antimicrobial activities of ethyl acetate extracts from Fungi grown on rice straw. J Renew Mater 7(7):667–682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoeb HA, Madkour HMF, Refahy LA, Mohamed MA, Saad AM, Ghareeb MA (2014) Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Gmelina arborea (ROXB) leaves. Br J Pharm Res 4(1):125–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subavathy P, Shibana C (2021) Anticancer activity of Turbo brunneus, Cypraea annulus and Babylonia spirata on MCF-7 Cell Line. Asian J Biol Sci 10(1):118–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugesh S, Mayavu P, Ezhilarasan P, Sivashankar P, Arivuselvan N (2013) Screening of antibacterial activities of marine gastropod Hemifusus Pugilinus. Curr Res J Biol Sci 5(2):49–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sugesh S, Mayavu P, Sharma S (2014) Cytotoxic effects of two edible bivalves Meretrix meretrix and Meretrix casta. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 8(34):832–840

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thanh NV, Thao NP, Phong NV, Cuong NX, Nam NH, Minh CV (2018) A new [7.7] paracyclophane from Vietnamese marine snail Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1780). Nat Prod Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1528586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TRA, Kavlekar DP, LokaBharathi PA (2010) Marine drugs from sponge-microbe association. Rev Mar Drugs 8:1417–1468

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingender J, Flemming HC (2011) Biofilms in drinking water and their role as reservoir for pathogens. Int J Hyg Environ Health 214(6):417–423

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Valle-González ER, Cho N-J (2018) Antibacterial free fatty acids and monoglycerides: biological activities, experimental testing, and therapeutic applications. Int J Mol Sci 19(4):1114

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zayed KM, Ghareeb MA, Habib MR, El-Einin HMA, Ali REM, El-Karim RMG, Sabour R, Hamed AA (2023) Biological activity, chemical profiling and molecular docking of tissue extracts of the sea snail Trochus erithreus. J Appl Pharm Sci 13(06):199–210. https://doi.org/10.7324/JAPS.2023.119765

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

NA.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Malacology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Corniche El Nile St., Warrak El-Haddar, Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt

    Rasha E. M. Ali, Khaled M. Zayed, Mohamed R. Habib, Hanaa A. M. Abu ElEinin & Rasha M. Gad El-Karim

  2. Microbial Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt

    Ahmed A. Hamed

  3. Medicinal Chemistry Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Corniche El Nile St., Warrak El-Haddar, Imbaba, Giza, 12411, Egypt

    Mosad A. Ghareeb

Authors
  1. Rasha E. M. Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Khaled M. Zayed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ahmed A. Hamed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Mohamed R. Habib
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hanaa A. M. Abu ElEinin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Mosad A. Ghareeb
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Rasha M. Gad El-Karim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

REA, RMG, MRH: Wrote the original draft-review & editing, RMG, REA, MRH, KMZ and HAMA: conceived and designed the study, MAG Conceived and designed the study, investigation and methodology of bioactive potential and revised the manuscript, and AAH: Investigation and Methodology of bioactive potential. All authors: contributed to Conceptualization, Data curation, read and approved the final manuscript. All data were generated in -house and no paper mill was used.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rasha M. Gad El-Karim.

Ethics declarations

Ethicsl approval

All applicable institutional, national, and international guidelines for the care and use of animals were followed.

Conflict of interest

Rasha E. M. Ali has no conflict of interest. Khaled M. Zayed has no conflict of interest. Ahmed A. Hamed has no conflict of interest. Mohamed R. Habib has no conflict of interest. Hanaa A. M. Abu ElEinin has no conflict of interest. Mosad A. Ghareeb has no conflict of interest. Rasha M. Gad El‑Karim has no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Ali, R.E.M., Zayed, K.M., Hamed, A.A. et al. Bioactive potential and chemical characterization of Planaxis sulcatus (Phylum: Mollusca, Family: Planaxidae) solvent extracts. ADV TRADIT MED (ADTM) (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-024-00743-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-024-00743-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation