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A search for potential anti-HIV phytoconstituents from the natural product repository

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Abstract

A chronic, life threatening and immuno-suppressing malady caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is formally known as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Currently, combinations of several anti-retroviral drugs are being used for the management of HIV infection. These drugs possess certain limitations and hence researchers across the globe are striving to explore treatment methodologies based on medicinal plants of natural origin in order to develop safe and effective treatment. In this review, various medicinal plants are categorized on the basis of target of action namely Reverse transcriptase enzyme, Protease enzyme, Integrase enzyme, cell fusion, CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Medicinal plants exhibiting multi-targeted activities against various targets of HIV are also reviewed. Detail description of medicinal plants with their habitat, common names, category of systems of medicines, phytoconstituents and their biological activities in terms of relative % inhibition or IC50 or EC50 are provided in this review. Anti-HIV benefits of these plants are observed due to phytoconstituents like terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, coumarins, flavonoids, etc. In order to gain the structural knowledge for future developments of anti-HIV leads, ligand based pharmacophore was generated using phytoconstituents mentioned in this review. Structural modifications of these phytoconstituents on hydrophobic, donor and acceptor regions are beneficial for the potent anti-HIV activity. In conclusion, this study may prove to be a stepping stone towards the use of herbal medicinal plants for the management of HIV/AIDS and may aspire researchers to look for new treatment options from the natural sources.

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Abbreviations

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

AIDS:

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

RT:

Reverse transcriptase

PR:

Protease

IN:

Integrase

CCR5:

CC chemokine receptor 5

CXCR4:

Chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)

% IR:

Relative percent inhibition

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Acknowledgements

The authors PKP and HGB are thankful to Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India for providing necessary facilities to carry out the work, which is a part of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) research work of Mr. Paresh Patel, to be submitted to Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India. The authors DVP, SRS and PKP are also thankful to L. J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, Ahmedabad, India for providing necessary support.

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Author notes

  1. Sneha R. Sagar: Equal first author.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L.J. Institute of Pharmacy, L J University, L. J. Campus, SG Road, Ahmedabad, 382 210, India

    Dharmraj V. Pathak, Sneha R. Sagar & Paresh K. Patel

  2. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382 481, India

    Hardik G. Bhatt & Paresh K. Patel

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  1. Dharmraj V. Pathak
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DVP, SRS and PKP carried out literature search, compilation of data and preparation of manuscript. HGB & PKP supervised the work and revised the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Paresh K. Patel.

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This article does not contain any studies involving animals performed by any of the authors. This article does not contain any studies involving human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Dharmraj V. Pathak has no conflict of interest. Sneha R. Sagar has no conflict of interest. Hardik G. Bhatt has no conflict of interest. Paresh K. Patel has no conflict of interest.

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Pathak, D.V., Sagar, S.R., Bhatt, H.G. et al. A search for potential anti-HIV phytoconstituents from the natural product repository. ADV TRADIT MED (ADTM) 23, 953–984 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-022-00646-2

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