Abstract
Even though Se-Yeon-Eum (SYE) has been used to treat symptoms induced by cigarette smoking in genuine Korean medicine, scientific evidence for this traditional use has not been provided. It is well known that nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) are well known to be inflammatory mediators of cerebral ischemia due to cigarette smoking. The objective of this study was toe detemrine the effect of SYE on NO and TNF-α production in C6 glial cells induced by recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) plus cigarette extract (CE). Results showed that SYE (500, 1000 μg/ml) inhibited NO production induced by rIFN-γ (50 U/ml) and CE (1/100, 1/50 dilution). SYE (1000 μg/ml) also suppressed TNF-α secretion induced by rIFN-γ (50 U/ml) and CE (1/100 dilution). Moreover, inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and cytoplasmic TNF-α level stimulated by rIFN-γ and CE were inhibited by SYE (1000 μg/ml). These results suggest that SYE might have anti-inflammatory effect under cerebral ischemic condition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barone FC, Feuerstein GZ (1999) Inflammatory mediators and stroke: new opportunities for novel therapeutics. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 19:819–834
Chang RC, Hudson P, Wilson B, Haddon L, Hong JS (2000) Influence of neurons on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated production of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by cultured glia. Brain Res 853:236–244
Diaz J, Sempere AP (2004) Cerebral ischemia: new risk factors. Cerebrovasc Dis 17:43–50
Feuerstein G, Wang X, Barone FC (1998) Cytokines in brain ischemia--the role of TNF alpha. Cell Mol Neurobiol 18:695–701
Forster C, Clark HB, Ross ME, Iadecola C (1999) Inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human cerebral infarcts. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 97:215–220
Galea E, Feinstein DL, Reis DJ (1992) Induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity in primary rat glial cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:10945–10949
Iadecola C (1997) Bright and dark sides of nitric oxide in ischemic brain injury. Trends Neurosci 20:132–139
Iadecola C, Alexander M (2001) Cerebral ischemia and inflammation. Curr Opin Neurol 14:89–94
Jin CS, Kim MS, Lee EH, Lee JH, Lee JH, Moon SJ, Lee BR, Jung KP, Li HY (2002) Inhibitory effect of se-Yeon-Eum on nicotine- and cigarette smoke extract-induced cytotoxicity in human lung fibroblast. Orient Pharm Exp Med 2:47–51
Jin JS, Kim MS, Yi JM, Lee JH, Lee JH, Moon SJ, Jung KP, Lee JK, An NH, Kim HM (2003) Inhibitory effect of Sejin-Eum I/II on nicotine- and cigarette extract-induced cytotoxicity in human lung fibroblast. J Ethnopharmacol. 86:15–20.
Kwon OJ (1997) The role of nitric oxide in the immune response of tuberculosis. J Korean Med Sci 12:481–487
Lee EH, Kim NK, Hwang CY, Kim HM (1998) Activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase by Yongdam-Sagan-tang in mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Ethnopharmacol 60:61–69
Matsumoto K, Akagi K, Abekura M, Ohkawa M, Tasaki O, Oshino S (1999) Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing a cerebral aneurysm and of subarachnoid hemorrhage. No Shinkei Geka 27:831–835
Miyasaka N, Hirata Y (1997) Nitric oxide and inflammatory arthritides. Life Sci 61:2073–2081
Paganelli R, Di Iorio A, Patricelli L, Ripani F, Sparvieri E, Faricelli R, Iarlori C, Porreca E, Di Gioacchino M, Abate G (2002) Proinflammatory cytokines in sera of elderly patients with dementia: levels in vascular injury are higher than those of mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease patients. Exp Gerontol 37:257–263
Paris D, Humphrey J, Quadros A, Patel N, Crescentini R, Crawford F, Mullan M (2003) Vasoactive effects of a beta in isolated human cerebrovessels and in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease: role of inflammation. Neurol Res 25:642–651
Petrovic G (2000) Risk factors for development of cerebrovascular stroke. Med Pregl 53:207–214
Sawada M, Kondo N, Suzumura A, Marunouchi T (1989) Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by microglia and astrocytes in culture. Brain Res 491:394–397
Simmons ML, Murphy S (1992) Induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. J Neurochem 59:897–905
Tanaka K, Noda S (2001) Role of nitric oxide in murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. Histol Histopathol 16:937–944
Xie QW, Cho H, Kashiwabara Y, Baum M, Weidner JR, Elliston K, Mumford R, Nathan C (1994) Carboxyl terminus of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Contribution to NADPH binding and enzymatic activity. J Biol Chem 269:28500–28505
Yamamoto Y, Nishiyama Y, Monden T, Satoh K, Ohkawa M (2003) A study of the acute effect of smoking on cerebral blood flow using 99mTc-ECD SPET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:612–614
del Zoppo G, Ginis I, Hallenbeck JM, Iadecola C, Wang X, Feuerstein GZ (2000) Inflammation and stroke: putative role for cytokines, adhesion molecules and iNOS in brain response to ischemia. Brain Pathol 10:95–112
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical Statement
This article does not involve any human or and animal subjects by any of the authors.
Conflict of Interest
We have no conflicts of interest to disclose.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, JH., Jin, JS., Lee, JH. et al. Effect of Se-Yeon-Eum on nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production in C6 glial cells induced by recombinant interferon-γ and cigarette extract. Orient Pharm Exp Med 17, 239–244 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-017-0261-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-017-0261-2