Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Radiotherapy and the abscopal effect: insight from the past, present, and future

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Radiation Oncology

Abstract

The abscopal effect is a rare phenomenon in radiation oncology where radiotherapy has a therapeutic effect at a distance from the intended treatment field. This effect has resulted in dramatic clinical responses in metastatic cancer patients. Despite clinical reports describing this phenomenon for over six decades, the abscopal effect is still not well understood. In this systematic review, we summarize and review the clinical and preclinical data that have investigated the mechanisms of this effect and consider the potential of exploiting its use in cancer care.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Delaney G, Jacob S, Featherstone C, Barton M (2005) The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment: estimating optimal utilization from a review of evidence-based clinical guidelines. Cancer 104(6):1129–1137. doi:10.1002/cncr.21324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Mole RH (1953) Whole body irradiation; radiobiology or medicine? Br J Radiol 26(305):234–241

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Byhardt RW, Brace KC, Wiernik PH (1975) The role of splenic irradiation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 35(6):1621–1625

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Sawitsky A, Rai KR, Aral I, Silver RT, Glicksman AS, Carey RW, Scialla S, Cornell CJ Jr, Seligman B, Shapiro L (1976) Mediastinal irradiation for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Med 61(6):892–896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Nobler MP (1969) The abscopal effect in malignant lymphoma and its relationship to lymphocyte circulation. Radiology 93(2):410–412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Ehlers G, Fridman M (1973) Abscopal effect of radiation in papillary adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol 46(543):220–222

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Kingsley DP (1975) An interesting case of possible abscopal effect in malignant melanoma. Br J Radiol 48(574):863–866

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Antoniades J, Brady LW, Lightfoot DA (1977) Lymphangiographic demonstration of the abscopal effect in patients with malignant lymphomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2(1–2):141–147

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Rees GJ (1981) Abscopal regression in lymphoma: a mechanism in common with total body irradiation? Clin Radiol 32(4):475–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Robins HI, AuBuchon J, Varanasi VR, Weinstein AB (1981) The abscopal effect: demonstration in lymphomatous involvement of kidneys. Med Pediatr Oncol 9(5):473–476

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Fairlamb DJ (1981) Spontaneous regression of metastases of renal cancer: a report of two cases including the first recorded regression following irradiation of a dominant metastasis and review of the world literature. Cancer 47(8):2102–2106

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rees GJ, Ross CM (1983) Abscopal regression following radiotherapy for adenocarcinoma. Br J Radiol 56(661):63–66. doi:10.1259/0007-1285-56-661-63

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mochizuki T, Takehara Y, Nishimura T, Takahashi M, Kaneko M (1991) Regression of hepatocellular carcinoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 156(4):868–869. doi:10.2214/ajr.156.4.1848389

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. MacManus MP, Harte RJ, Stranex S (1994) Spontaneous regression of metastatic renal cell carcinoma following palliative irradiation of the primary tumour. Ir J Med Sci 163(10):461–463

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Sham RL (1995) The abscopal effect and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Med 98(3):307–308

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ohba K, Omagari K, Nakamura T, Ikuno N, Saeki S, Matsuo I, Kinoshita H, Masuda J, Hazama H, Sakamoto I, Kohno S (1998) Abscopal regression of hepatocellular carcinoma after radiotherapy for bone metastasis. Gut 43(4):575–577

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Nam SW, Han JY, Kim JI, Park SH, Cho SH, Han NI, Yang JM, Kim JK, Choi SW, Lee YS, Chung KW, Sun HS (2005) Spontaneous regression of a large hepatocellular carcinoma with skull metastasis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 20(3):488–492. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1746.2005.03243.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Takaya M, Niibe Y, Tsunoda S, Jobo T, Imai M, Kotani S, Unno N, Hayakawa K (2007) Abscopal effect of radiation on toruliform para-aortic lymph node metastases of advanced uterine cervical carcinoma-a case report. Anticancer Res 27(1B):499–503

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Lakshmanagowda PB, Viswanath L, Thimmaiah N, Dasappa L, Supe SS, Kallur P (2009) Abscopal effect in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia during radiation therapy: a case report. Cases J 2:204

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Okuma K, Yamashita H, Niibe Y, Hayakawa K, Nakagawa K (2011) Abscopal effect of radiation on lung metastases of hepatocellular carcinoma: a case report. J Med Case Rep 5:111

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Takeshima T, Chamoto K, Wakita D, Ohkuri T, Togashi Y, Shirato H, Kitamura H, Nishimura T (2010) Local radiation therapy inhibits tumor growth through the generation of tumor-specific CTL: its potentiation by combination with Th1 cell therapy. Cancer Res 70(7):2697–2706. doi:10.1158/0008-5472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Reits EA, Hodge JW, Herberts CA, Groothuis TA, Chakraborty M, Wansley EK, Camphausen K, Luiten RM, de Ru AH, Neijssen J, Griekspoor A, Mesman E, Verreck FA, Spits H, Schlom J, van Veelen P, Neefjes JJ (2006) Radiation modulates the peptide repertoire, enhances MHC class I expression, and induces successful antitumor immunotherapy. J Exp Med 203(5):1259–1271

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Reap EA, Roof K, Maynor K, Borrero M, Booker J, Cohen PL (1997) Radiation and stress-induced apoptosis: a role for Fas/Fas ligand interactions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94(11):5750–5755

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Chakraborty M, Abrams SI, Camphausen K, Liu K, Scott T, Coleman CN, Hodge JW (2003) Irradiation of tumor cells up-regulates Fas and enhances CTL lytic activity and CTL adoptive immunotherapy. J Immunol 170(12):6338–6347

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Ishihara H, Tsuneoka K, Dimchev AB, Shikita M (1993) Induction of the expression of the interleukin-1 beta gene in mouse spleen by ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 133(3):321–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lugade AA, Sorensen EW, Gerber SA, Moran JP, Frelinger JG, Lord EM (2008) Radiation-induced IFN-gamma production within the tumor microenvironment influences antitumor immunity. J Immunol 180(5):3132–3139

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Burnette BC, Liang H, Lee Y, Chlewicki L, Khodarev NN, Weichselbaum RR, Fu Y-X, Auh SL (2011) The efficacy of radiotherapy relies upon induction of type i interferon-dependent innate and adaptive immunity. Cancer Res 71(7):2488–2496

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Camphausen K, Moses MA, Beecken WD, Khan MK, Folkman J, O’Reilly MS (2001) Radiation therapy to a primary tumor accelerates metastatic growth in mice. Cancer Res 61(5):2207–2211

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Chakraborty M, Abrams SI, Coleman CN, Camphausen K, Schlom J, Hodge JW (2004) External beam radiation of tumors alters phenotype of tumor cells to render them susceptible to vaccine-mediated T-cell killing. Cancer Res 64(12):4328–4337. doi:10.1158/0008-5472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Stewart CC, Perez CA (1976) Effect of irradiation on immune responses. Radiology 118(1):201–210. doi:10.1148/118.1.201

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Elinav E, Nowarski R, Thaiss CA, Hu B, Jin C, Flavell RA (2013) Inflammation-induced cancer: crosstalk between tumours, immune cells and microorganisms. Nat Rev Cancer 13(11):759–771. doi:10.1038/nrc3611

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, Mignot G, Maiuri MC, Ullrich E, Saulnier P, Yang H, Amigorena S, Ryffel B, Barrat FJ, Saftig P, Levi F, Lidereau R, Nogues C, Mira JP, Chompret A, Joulin V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Bourhis J, Andre F, Delaloge S, Tursz T, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L (2007) Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med 13(9):1050–1059. doi:10.1038/nm1622

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Ludgate CM (2012) Optimizing cancer treatments to induce an acute immune response: radiation abscopal effects, PAMPs, and DAMPs. Clin Cancer Res 18(17):4522–4525

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Wunderlich R, Ernst A, Rodel F, Fietkau R, Ott O, Lauber K, Frey B, Gaipl US (2015) Low and moderate doses of ionizing radiation up to 2 Gy modulate transmigration and chemotaxis of activated macrophages, provoke an anti-inflammatory cytokine milieu, but do not impact upon viability and phagocytic function. Clin Exp Immunol 179(1):50–61. doi:10.1111/cei.12344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Formenti SC, Demaria S (2009) Systemic effects of local radiotherapy. Lancet Oncol 10(7):718–726

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Stone HB, Peters LJ, Milas L (1979) Effect of host immune capability on radiocurability and subsequent transplantability of a murine fibrosarcoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 63(5):1229–1235

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Lee Y, Auh SL, Wang Y, Burnette B, Wang Y, Meng Y, Beckett M, Sharma R, Chin R, Tu T, Weichselbaum RR, Fu Y-X (2009) Therapeutic effects of ablative radiation on local tumor require CD8+ T cells: changing strategies for cancer treatment. Blood 114(3):589–595

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Dovedi SJ, Adlard AL, Lipowska-Bhalla G, McKenna C, Jones S, Cheadle EJ, Stratford IJ, Poon E, Morrow M, Stewart R, Jones H, Wilkinson RW, Honeychurch J, Illidge TM (2014) Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade. Cancer Res 74(19):5458–5468

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Demaria S, Kawashima N, Yang AM, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Allison JP, Formenti SC (2005) Immune-mediated inhibition of metastases after treatment with local radiation and CTLA-4 blockade in a mouse model of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11(2 Pt 1):728–734

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Demaria S, Ng B, Devitt ML, Babb JS, Kawashima N, Liebes L, Formenti SC (2004) Ionizing radiation inhibition of distant untreated tumors (abscopal effect) is immune mediated. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 58(3):862–870

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Camphausen K, Moses MA, Menard C, Sproull M, Beecken WD, Folkman J, O’Reilly MS (2003) Radiation abscopal antitumor effect is mediated through p53. Cancer Res 63(8):1990–1993

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Lugade AA, Moran JP, Gerber SA, Rose RC, Frelinger JG, Lord EM (2005) Local radiation therapy of B16 melanoma tumors increases the generation of tumor antigen-specific effector cells that traffic to the tumor. J Immunol 174(12):7516–7523

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Dewan MZ, Galloway AE, Kawashima N, Dewyngaert JK, Babb JS, Formenti SC, Demaria S (2009) Fractionated but not single-dose radiotherapy induces an immune-mediated abscopal effect when combined with anti-CTLA-4 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 15(17):5379–5388

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Tsai M-H, Cook JA, Chandramouli GVR, DeGraff W, Yan H, Zhao S, Coleman CN, Mitchell JB, Chuang EY (2007) Gene expression profiling of breast, prostate, and glioma cells following single versus fractionated doses of radiation. Cancer Res 67(8):3845–3852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Schaue D, Ratikan JA, Iwamoto KS, McBride WH (2012) Maximizing tumor immunity with fractionated radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 83(4):1306–1310. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.09.049

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Verbrugge I, Hagekyriakou J, Sharp LL, Galli M, West A, McLaughlin NM, Duret H, Yagita H, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Haynes NM (2012) Radiotherapy increases the permissiveness of established mammary tumors to rejection by immunomodulatory antibodies. Cancer Res 72(13):3163–3174. doi:10.1158/0008-5472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Lo SS, Fakiris AJ, Chang EL, Mayr NA, Wang JZ, Papiez L, Teh BS, McGarry RC, Cardenes HR, Timmerman RD (2010) Stereotactic body radiation therapy: a novel treatment modality. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 7(1):44–54. doi:10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.188

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wersall PJ, Blomgren H, Pisa P, Lax I, Kalkner KM, Svedman C (2006) Regression of non-irradiated metastases after extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Acta Oncol 45(4):493–497. doi:10.1080/02841860600604611

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Nakanishi M, Chuma M, Hige S, Asaka M (2008) Abscopal effect on hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 103(5):1320–1321

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Cotter SE, Dunn GP, Collins KM, Sahni D, Zukotynski KA, Hansen JL, O’Farrell DA, Ng AK, Devlin PM, Wang LC (2011) Abscopal effect in a patient with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma following radiation therapy: potential role of induced antitumor immunity. Arch Dermatol 147(7):870–872

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Ishiyama H, Teh BS, Ren H, Chiang S, Tann A, Blanco AI, Paulino AC, Amato R (2012) Spontaneous regression of thoracic metastases while progression of brain metastases after stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiotherapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma: abscopal effect prevented by the blood–brain barrier? Clin Genitourin Cancer 10(3):196–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Postow MA, Callahan MK, Barker CA, Yamada Y, Yuan J, Kitano S, Mu Z, Rasalan T, Adamow M, Ritter E, Sedrak C, Jungbluth AA, Chua R, Yang AS, Roman R-A, Rosner S, Benson B, Allison JP, Lesokhin AM, Gnjatic S, Wolchok JD (2012) Immunologic correlates of the abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. N Engl J Med 366(10):925–931

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Stamell EF, Wolchok JD, Gnjatic S, Lee NY, Brownell I (2013) The abscopal effect associated with a systemic anti-melanoma immune response. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 85(2):293–295

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Hiniker SM, Chen DS, Knox SJ (2012) Abscopal effect in a patient with melanoma. N Engl J Med 366(21):2035, author reply 2035–2035; author reply 20362

  55. Seung SK, Curti BD, Crittenden M, Walker E, Coffey T, Siebert JC, Miller W, Payne R, Glenn L, Bageac A, Urba WJ (2012) Phase 1 study of stereotactic body radiotherapy and interleukin-2-tumor and immunological responses. Sci Transl Med 4(137):137–174

    Google Scholar 

  56. Golden EB, Demaria S, Schiff PB, Chachoua A, Formenti SC (2013) An abscopal response to radiation and ipilimumab in a patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 1(6):365–372

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Siva S, Callahan J, MacManus MP, Martin O, Hicks RJ, Ball DL (2013) Abscopal [corrected] effects after conventional and stereotactic lung irradiation of non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 8(8):e71–e72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Mikuriya S, Oh’ami H (1983) Radiotherapy and cellular infiltration of tumor nests. Radiat Med 1(3):248–254

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lange JR, Raubitschek AA, Pockaj BA, Spencer WF, Lotze MT, Topalian SL, Yang JC, Rosenberg SA (1992) A pilot study of the combination of interleukin-2-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy. J Immunother (1991) 12(4):265–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Slovin SF, Higano CS, Hamid O, Tejwani S, Harzstark A, Alumkal JJ, Scher HI, Chin K, Gagnier P, McHenry MB, Beer TM (2013) Ipilimumab alone or in combination with radiotherapy in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: results from an open-label, multicenter phase I/II study. Ann Oncol 24(7):1813–1821. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdt107

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Kwon ED, Drake CG, Scher HI, Fizazi K, Bossi A, van den Eertwegh AJ, Krainer M, Houede N, Santos R, Mahammedi H, Ng S, Maio M, Franke FA, Sundar S, Agarwal N, Bergman AM, Ciuleanu TE, Korbenfeld E, Sengelov L, Hansen S, Logothetis C, Beer TM, McHenry MB, Gagnier P, Liu D, Gerritsen WR (2014) Ipilimumab versus placebo after radiotherapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer that had progressed after docetaxel chemotherapy (CA184-043): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 15(7):700–712. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70189-5

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Sznol M, Chen L (2013) Antagonist antibodies to PD-1 and B7-H1 (PD-L1) in the treatment of advanced human cancer. Clin Cancer Res 19(5):1021–1034

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Kwek SS, Cha E, Fong L (2012) Unmasking the immune recognition of prostate cancer with CTLA4 blockade. Nat Rev Cancer 12(4):289–297

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Grimaldi AM, Simeone E, Giannarelli D, Muto P, Falivene S, Borzillo V, Giugliano FM, Sandomenico F, Petrillo A, Curvietto M, Esposito A, Paone M, Palla M, Palmieri G, Caraco C, Ciliberto G, Mozzillo N, Ascierto PA (2014) Abscopal effects of radiotherapy on advanced melanoma patients who progressed after ipilimumab immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 3:e28780. doi:10.4161/onci.28780

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Park SS, Dong H, Liu X, Harrington SM, Krco CJ, Grams M, Mansfield AS, Furutani KM, Olivier KR, Kwon ED (2015) PD-1 restrains radiotherapy-induced abscopal effect. Cancer Immunol Res. 2326–6066. doi:10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-14-0138

  66. Deng L, Liang H, Burnette B, Beckett M, Darga T, Weichselbaum RR, Fu Y-X (2014) Irradiation and anti-PD-L1 treatment synergistically promote antitumor immunity in mice. J Clin Invest 124(2):687–695

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Zeng J, See AP, Phallen J, Jackson CM, Belcaid Z, Ruzevick J, Durham N, Meyer C, Harris TJ, Albesiano E, Pradilla G, Ford E, Wong J, Hammers HJ, Mathios D, Tyler B, Brem H, Tran PT, Pardoll D, Drake CG, Lim M (2013) Anti-PD-1 blockade and stereotactic radiation produce long-term survival in mice with intracranial gliomas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 86(2):343–349. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.12.025

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Smith EL, Zamarin D, Lesokhin AM (2014) Harnessing the immune system for cancer therapy. Curr Opin Oncol 26(6):600–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Siva S, Macmanus MP, Martin RF, Martin OA (2015) Abscopal effects of radiation therapy: a clinical review for the radiobiologist. Cancer Lett 356(1):82–90

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Hodge JW, Sharp HJ, Gameiro SR (2012) Abscopal regression of antigen disparate tumors by antigen cascade after systemic tumor vaccination in combination with local tumor radiation. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 27(1):12–22

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Bastian A, Morin S, Marte J, Beetham P, Tsang KY, Yokokawa J, Hodge JW, Menard C, Camphausen K, Coleman CN, Sullivan F, Steinberg SM, Schlom J, Dahut W (2005) Combining a recombinant cancer vaccine with standard definitive radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 11(9):3353–3362. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2062

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Butterworth KT, McMahon SJ, Taggart LE, Prise KM (2013) Radiosensitization by gold nanoparticles: effective at megavoltage energies and potential role of oxidative stress. Transl Cancer Res 2(4):269–279

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiation Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    Albert C. Chen

  2. Department of Radiation Oncology, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6565 Fannin Ste#DB1-077, Houston, TX, 77030, USA

    E. Brian Butler & Bin S. Teh

  3. Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Simon S. Lo

Authors
  1. Albert C. Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Brian Butler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Simon S. Lo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Bin S. Teh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bin S. Teh.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest

Albert C. Chen, E. Brian Butler, Simon S. Lo, and Bin S. Teh declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Research involving human participants and/or animals

For this type of study, formal consent is not required. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Chen, A.C., Butler, E.B., Lo, S.S. et al. Radiotherapy and the abscopal effect: insight from the past, present, and future. J Radiat Oncol 4, 321–330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13566-015-0223-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13566-015-0223-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation