Résumé
En réanimation, le médecin reçoit quotidiennement une multitude d’informations concernant chaque patient: données cliniques, biologiques, bactériologiques et d’imagerie. Le dossier médical traditionnel « papier » expose à ignorer certaines informations et ne permet pas une synthèse rapide des données disponibles. Le dossier médical informatisé représente une réponse appropriée la gestion de la complexité, ceci à certaines conditions: 1) ne pas simplement « reproduire » la pancarte traditionnelle en affichant des lignes et des colonnes de données numériques; 2) afficher une représentation graphique des principales données cliniques, biologiques, bactériologiques et échographiques recueillies quotidiennement (écran experts); 3) permettre l’affichage graphique sur une échelle de temps variant de la minute (pression artérielle, fréquence cardiaque et respiratoire, SpO2) à 24 heures (autres paramètres); 4) donner un accès rapide à l’imagerie complexe (tomodensitométrie et résonnance magnétique); 5) permettre la prescription médicale sécurisée; 6) permettre la rédaction du compte-rendu d’hospitalisation à partir de l’observation médicale; 7) permettre le codage automatique des actes médicaux; 8) permettre la sélection de patients à partir de mots clés (requête sur la base de données); 9) permettre le fonctionnement en réseau de différentes unités de réanimation et de soins continus. Les données concernant l’impact du dossier médical informatisé sur la morbimortalité, la durée de ventilation et la durée d’hospitalisation sont actuellement peu nombreuses. Compte-tenu de la quasi-impossibilité d’effectuer des études randomisées prospectives, des études rétrospectives castémoins avec un appariement strict des patients sont nécessaires pour évaluer l’impact du dossier médical informatisé sur la qualité des soins en réanimation.
Abstract
Physicians in charge of critically ill patients have to deal daily with a huge number of clinical, biological, bacteriological and imaging data. The traditional “paper” medical file put the physician at risk of ignoring some information and does not allow a rapid synthesis to reach the right diagnosis. Electronic medical record (EMR) is an appropriate answer to complexity management under certain conditions: 1) EMR should not be restricted to “difficultto- read” lines and columns of numerical data; 2) The EMR should display graphical representations of main clinical, biological, bacteriological and ultrasound parameters with a large range of time scale (expert screens); 3) A quick and easy access to complex imaging (computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) should be included in the EMR; 4) the EMF should include a computer-assisted physician order entry and an electronic medication administration record; 5) the final report concerning the patient leaving or deceased in the ICU should be easily obtained from daily medical records; 6) The coding of medical acts should be performed by completing a specific data form of the EMR; 7) the EMR should allow the selection of series of patients (request from the data base); 8) the EMR shared by several ICUs enables network functioning. Impact of EMR on mortality, ICU length of stay and duration of mechanical ventilation is poorly documented but existing data suggest a benefit. As it is virtually impossible to design multicenter randomized controlled studies, retrospective case-control studies with a tight matching between patients are required.
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Rouby, J.J., Arbelot, C., Deransy, R. et al. Le dossier médical informatisé en réanimation : objectifs, conception et bénéfices attendus. Réanimation 23 (Suppl 3), 543–554 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1065-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-015-1065-3