Résumé
Les patients atteints de cirrhose avec une infection bactérienne ont un risque élevé de développer un sepsis et des défaillances d’organe, voire d’évoluer vers le décès. L’infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite est l’infection la plus fréquente. Les infections bactériennes se répartissent de façon égale entre trois catégories: communautaires, associées aux soins et nosocomiales. L’incidence du sepsis dû aux bactéries multirésistantes augmente. Dans la cirrhose, le sepsis est associé à une réponse pro-inflammatoire excessive, qui pourrait être à l’origine de la défaillance de plusieurs organes (foie compris). Les mécanismes moléculaires de cette réponse inflammatoire excessive ne sont pas totalement compris. Chez les cirrhotiques avec sepsis, les défaillances d’organe majeures sont identifiées en utilisant le score SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment). Une antibiothérapie empirique, probabiliste, à large spectre et non néphrotoxique doit être débutée en urgence. Le choix des antibiotiques dépend du fait que le malade est à risque ou non d’infection à Enterobacteriaceae productrice de β-lactamase à spectre étendu. Chez les malades avec une infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite sans choc, l’administration intraveineuse d’albumine diminue la survenue d’un syndrome hépatorénal et améliore la survie. Deux essais randomisés ont montré que les systèmes extracorporels de suppléance hépatique (MARS® et Promotheus®) amélioraient l’encéphalopathie hépatique mais pas la survie. Le sepsis bactérien peut être prévenu par l’administration de norfloxacine chez les malades avec une hémorragie digestive ou dans le cadre de la prévention primaire ou secondaire de l’infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite.
Abstract
Patients with cirrhosis are at risk of developing sepsis and sepsis-induced organ failure as well as dying. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the most common site of severe infections. Bacterial infections are equally distributed among one of the following three categories: community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial. The incidence of sepsis caused by multiresistant bacteria is increasing. In patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis, high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines seems to play a role in the development of organ failure (including worsening of liver function). The underlying molecular mechanisms that explain cytokine overproduction in cirrhosis are poorly understood. In patients with cirrhosis and sepsis, the identification of failing organs is assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scale. Emergent empiric, broad-spectrum and non-nephrotoxic antibiotic therapy should be started. The choice of antibiotics depends on whether or not patients are at risk of developing infection due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In patients with SBP without shock treated with antibiotics, intravenous albumin administration decreases the occurrence of hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival. Two randomized control studies on extracorporeal liver support systems have shown an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy but no benefit for survival. Bacterial sepsis is preventable by using norfloxacin in patients with variceal hemorrhage or in the setting of primary or secondary prophylaxis of SBP.
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Cet article correspond à la conférence faite par l’auteur au congrès de la SRLF 2013 dans la session: Le patient cirrhotique en réanimation.
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Moreau, R. Le sepsis dans la cirrhose. Réanimation 22 (Suppl 2), 391–396 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-012-0536-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-012-0536-z