Skip to main content
Log in

Le sepsis dans la cirrhose

Sepsis in cirrhosis

  • Enseignement Supérieur en Réanimation
  • Published:
Réanimation

Résumé

Les patients atteints de cirrhose avec une infection bactérienne ont un risque élevé de développer un sepsis et des défaillances d’organe, voire d’évoluer vers le décès. L’infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite est l’infection la plus fréquente. Les infections bactériennes se répartissent de façon égale entre trois catégories: communautaires, associées aux soins et nosocomiales. L’incidence du sepsis dû aux bactéries multirésistantes augmente. Dans la cirrhose, le sepsis est associé à une réponse pro-inflammatoire excessive, qui pourrait être à l’origine de la défaillance de plusieurs organes (foie compris). Les mécanismes moléculaires de cette réponse inflammatoire excessive ne sont pas totalement compris. Chez les cirrhotiques avec sepsis, les défaillances d’organe majeures sont identifiées en utilisant le score SOFA (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment). Une antibiothérapie empirique, probabiliste, à large spectre et non néphrotoxique doit être débutée en urgence. Le choix des antibiotiques dépend du fait que le malade est à risque ou non d’infection à Enterobacteriaceae productrice de β-lactamase à spectre étendu. Chez les malades avec une infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite sans choc, l’administration intraveineuse d’albumine diminue la survenue d’un syndrome hépatorénal et améliore la survie. Deux essais randomisés ont montré que les systèmes extracorporels de suppléance hépatique (MARS® et Promotheus®) amélioraient l’encéphalopathie hépatique mais pas la survie. Le sepsis bactérien peut être prévenu par l’administration de norfloxacine chez les malades avec une hémorragie digestive ou dans le cadre de la prévention primaire ou secondaire de l’infection spontanée du liquide d’ascite.

Abstract

Patients with cirrhosis are at risk of developing sepsis and sepsis-induced organ failure as well as dying. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is the most common site of severe infections. Bacterial infections are equally distributed among one of the following three categories: community-acquired, healthcare-associated and nosocomial. The incidence of sepsis caused by multiresistant bacteria is increasing. In patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis, high production of pro-inflammatory cytokines seems to play a role in the development of organ failure (including worsening of liver function). The underlying molecular mechanisms that explain cytokine overproduction in cirrhosis are poorly understood. In patients with cirrhosis and sepsis, the identification of failing organs is assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scale. Emergent empiric, broad-spectrum and non-nephrotoxic antibiotic therapy should be started. The choice of antibiotics depends on whether or not patients are at risk of developing infection due to extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. In patients with SBP without shock treated with antibiotics, intravenous albumin administration decreases the occurrence of hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival. Two randomized control studies on extracorporeal liver support systems have shown an improvement of hepatic encephalopathy but no benefit for survival. Bacterial sepsis is preventable by using norfloxacin in patients with variceal hemorrhage or in the setting of primary or secondary prophylaxis of SBP.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Références

  1. Fernandez J, Navasa M, Gomez J, et al (2002) Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedures and norfloxacin prophylaxis. Hepatology 35:140–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Wong F, Bernardi M, Balk R, et al (2005) International Ascites Club. Sepsis in cirrhosis: report on the 7th meeting of the International Ascites Club. Gut 54:718–725

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Fasolato S, Angeli P, Dallagnese L, et al (2007) Renal failure and bacterial infections in patients with cirrhosis: epidemiology and clinical features. Hepatology 45:223–229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Gustot T, Durand F, Lebrec D, et al (2009) Severe sepsis in cirrhosis. Hepatology 50:2022–2233

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Arvaniti V, D’Amico G, Fede G, et al (2010) Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 139:1246–1256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, et al (2010) Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:979–985

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fernández J, Acevedo J, Castro M, et al (2012) Prevalence and risk factors of infections by multiresistant bacteria in cirrhosis: a prospective study. Hepatology 55:1551–1561

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Plessier A, Denninger MH, Consigny Y, et al (2003) Coagulation disorders in patients with cirrhosis and severe sepsis. Liver Int 23:440–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Moreau R, Hadengue A, Soupison T, et al (1992) Clinical, hemodynamic and metabolic characteristics and ICU outcome of septic shock in patients with cirrhosis. Crit Care Med 20:746–750

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Horowitz Y, Sperber AD, Almog Y (2004) Gram-negative cellulitis complicating cirrhosis. Mayo Clin Proc 79:247–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Mohan P, Ramu B, Bhaskar E, Venkataraman J (2011) Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial skin infection and mortality in cirrhosis. Ann Hepatol 10:15–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cheong HS, Kang CI, Lee JA, et al (2009) Clinical significance and outcome of nosocomial acquisition of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with liver cirrhosis. Clin Infect Dis 48:1230–1236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Tazi KA, Bièche I, Paradis V, et al (2007) In vivo altered unfolded protein response and apoptosis in livers from lipopolysaccharidechallenged cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 46:1075–1088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Navasa M, Follo A, Filella X, et al (1998) Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality. Hepatology 27:1227–1232

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Medzhitov R, Schneider DS, Soares MP (2012) Disease tolerance as a defense strategy. Science 335:936–941

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Ferreira FL, Bota DP, Bross A, et al (2001) Serial evaluation of the SOFA score to predict outcome in critically ill patients. JAMA 286:1754–1758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wehler M, Kokoska J, Reulbach U, et al (2001) Short-term prognosis in critically ill patients with cirrhosis assessed by prognostic scoring systems. Hepatology 34:255–261

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Das V, Boelle PY, Galbois A et al (2010) Cirrhotic patients in the medical intensive care unit: early prognosis and long-term survival. Crit Care Med 38:2108–2116

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Levesque E, Hoti E, Azoulay D, et al (2012) Prospective evaluation of the prognostic scores for cirrhotic patients admitted to an intensive care unit. J Hepatol 56:95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Runyon BA (2009) Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: An update. Hepatology 49:2087–107

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. European Association for the Study of the Liver, Ginès P, Angeli P, et al (2010) EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 53:397–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al (1999) Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med 341:403–409

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Fernández J, Escorsell A, Zabalza M, et al (2006) Adrenal insufficiency in patients with cirrhosis and septic shock: Effect of treatment with hydrocortisone on survival. Hepatology 44:1288–1295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Blei AT, Córdoba J; Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology (2001) Hepatic Encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 96:1968–1976

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hassanein TI, Tofteng F, Brown RS Jr, et al (2007) Randomized controlled study of extracorporeal albumin dialysis for hepatic encephalopathy in advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 46:1853–1862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kribben A, Gerken G, Haag S, et al (2012) Effects of fractionated plasma separation and adsorption on survival in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure. Gastroenterology 142:782–789

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Moreau R, Lebrec D (2003) Acute renal failure in patients with cirrhosis: perspectives in the age of MELD. Hepatology 37:233–243

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Bernard B, Grange JD, Khac EN, et al (1999) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of bacterial infections in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Hepatology 29:1655–1661

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Fernández J, Ruiz del Arbol L, Gómez C, et al (2006) Norfloxacin vs ceftriaxone in the prophylaxis of infections in patients with advanced cirrhosis and hemorrhage. Gastroenterology 131:1049–1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Fernández J, Navasa M, Planas R, et al (2007) Primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis delays hepatorenal syndrome and improves survival in cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 133:818–824

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Terg R, Fassio E, Guevara M, et al (2008) Ciprofloxacin in primary prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Hepatol 48:774–779

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gines P, Rimola A, Planas R, et al (1990) Norfloxacin prevents spontaneous bacterial peritonitis recurrence in cirrhosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology 12:716–724

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Moreau.

Additional information

Cet article correspond à la conférence faite par l’auteur au congrès de la SRLF 2013 dans la session: Le patient cirrhotique en réanimation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Moreau, R. Le sepsis dans la cirrhose. Réanimation 22 (Suppl 2), 391–396 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-012-0536-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-012-0536-z

Mots clés

Keywords

Navigation