Skip to main content
Log in

Présentation clinique des principales intoxications et approche par les toxidromes

Clinical presentation of the main poisonings and toxidrome-based approach

  • Enseignement Supérieur en Soins Infirmiers
  • Infirmier
  • Published:
Réanimation

Résumé

Les intoxications aiguës représentent un motif fréquent d’admission aux urgences et en réanimation. Le diagnostic en toxicologie médicale est basé sur l’anamnèse et l’approche clinique centrée sur la recherche de toxidromes. L’examen clinique doit être systématique, évalué plusieurs fois et consigné par écrit. Un bilan biologique simple et un électrocardiogramme le complètent systématiquement pour toute intoxication grave admise en réanimation. Même sans valeur prédictive formelle, l’approche clinique permet de poser le diagnostic positif et d’écarter les diagnostics différentiels. Elle permet de décider des traitements symptomatiques et antidotiques d’urgence. L’examen physique du patient peut être aussi complété par un test pharmacodynamique à l’aide d’antidotes spécifiques (naloxone pour les opioïdes et flumazénil pour les benzodiazépines et apparentés). Ainsi, l’approche clinique prime sur l’analyse toxicologique, qui permet uniquement a posteriori de confirmer l’étiologie toxique initialement suspectée.

Abstract

Acute poisonings represent a frequent cause of patient admission in the emergency department and intensive care unit. Diagnosis in clinical toxicology is based on medical history and clinical examination focused on the identification of toxidromes. Clinical examination is mandatory and should be evaluated several times and documented. Electrocardiogram as well as sampling for routine laboratory tests should be performed in any severely poisoned patient admitted to the intensive care unit. Despite no definitive predictive value, the clinical approach allows obtaining not only a positive diagnosis but also eliminating differential hypotheses. Administration of supportive treatments as well as emergency antidotes is based on clinical examination. Pharmacodynamic tests using specific antidotes including naloxone for opioids and flumazenil for benzodiazepines or analogs may complete the patient’s examination. Therefore, toxicological analysis allows only a retrospective confirmation of the initially suspected toxic etiology based on the clinical approach.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Références

  1. Bronstein AC, Spyker DA, Cantilena LR Jr, et al (2010) 2009 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 27th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 48:979–1178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Villa A, Cochet A, Guyodo G (2008) Les intoxications signalées aux centres antipoison français en 2006. Rev Prat 58:825–831

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Mégarbane B, Donetti L, Blanc T, et al (2006) Intoxications graves par médicaments et substances illicites en réanimation. Réanimation 15:332–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Mégarbane B, Baud F (2000) Intoxications aiguës médicamenteuses. Encyclopédie médico-chirurgicale, toxicologie pathologie professionnelle. Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hachelaf M, Capellier G, Danel V (2006) Les toxidromes. Réanimation 15:364–369

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Gueye PN, Hoffman JR, Taboulet P, et al (1996) Empiric use of flumazenil in comatose patients: limited applicability of criteria to define low risk. Ann Emerg Med 27:730–735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Hoffman JR, Schriger DL, Luo JS (1991) The empiric use of naloxone in patients with altered mental status: a reappraisal. Ann Emerg Med 20:246–252

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mégarbane B, Buisine A, Jacobs F, et al (2010) Prospective comparative assessment of buprenorphine overdose with heroin and methadone: clinical characteristics and response to antidotal treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 38:403–407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kintz P (2001) Deaths involving buprenorphine: a compendium of French cases. Forensic Sci Int 12:65–69

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hulten BA, Adams R, Askenasi R, et al (1992) Predicting severity of tricyclic antidepressant overdose. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 30:161–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Taboulet P, Michard F, Muszynski J, et al (1995) Cardiovascular repercussions of seizures during cyclic antidepressant poisioning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 33:205–211

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Boehnert MT, Lovejoy FH (1985) Value of the QRS duration versus the serum drug level in predicting seizures and ventricular arrhythmias after an acute overdose of tricyclic antidepressants. N Engl J Med 313:474–479

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Eddleston M, Buckley NA, Eyer P, Dawson AH (2008) Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Lancet 371:597–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Nozaki H, Hori S, Shinozawa Y, et al (1997) Relationship between pupil size and acetylcholinesterase activity in patients exposed to sarin vapor. Intensive Care Med 23:1005–1007

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Hoffman RS (2010) Treatment of patients with cocaine-induced arrhythmias: bringing the bench to the bedside. Br J Clin Pharmacol 69:448–457

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Boyer EW, Shannon M (2005) The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1112–1120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Sternbach H (1991) The serotonin syndrome. Am J Psychiatry 148:705–713

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Isbister GK, Buckley NA, Whyte IM (2007) Serotonin toxicity: a practical approach to diagnosis and treatment. Med J Aust 187:361–365

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Marie N (2009) Mécanismes moléculaires de la tolérance aux opiacés et aux cannabinoïdes. Réanimation 18:626–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Seger DL (2006) A critical reconsideration of the clinical effects and treatment recommendations for sodium channel blocking drug cardiotoxicity. Toxicol Rev 25:283–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Kolecki PF, Curry SC (1997) Poisoning by sodium channel blocking agents. Crit Care Clin 13:829–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Sanaei-Zadeh H, Zamani N, Shahmohammadi F (2011) Methods for the measurement of the terminal 40-millisecond (T40-ms) frontal plane axis in tricyclic antidepressant poisoning. Resuscitation 82:1255–1256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Goldgran-Toledano D, Sideris G, Kevorkian JP (2002) Overdose of cyclic antidepressants and the Brugada syndrome. N Engl J Med 346:1591–1592

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Monteban-Kooistra WE, van den Berg MP, Tulleken JE, et al (2006) Brugada electrocardiographic pattern elicited by cyclic antidepressants overdose. Intensive Care Med 32:281–285

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Mégarbane B, Deye N, Baud FJ (2009) Assistance circulatoire périphérique au cours des intoxications aiguës par cardiotropes. Réanimation 18:428–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Mégarbane B, Brahmi N, Baud F (2001) Intoxication aiguë par les glycols et alcools toxiques: diagnostic et traitement. Réanimation 10:426–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Hovda KE, Hunderi OH, Rudberg N, et al (2004) Anion and osmolal gaps in the diagnosis of methanol poisoning: clinical study in 28 patients. Intensive Care Med 30:1842–1846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to B. Mégarbane.

Additional information

Cet article correspond à la conférence faite par l’auteur au congrès de la SRLF 2012 dans la session: Intoxication médicamenteuse volontaire.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Mégarbane, B. Présentation clinique des principales intoxications et approche par les toxidromes. Réanimation 21 (Suppl 2), 482–493 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0433-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0433-x

Mots clés

Keywords

Navigation