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Les explorations neurophysiologiques chez l’enfant cérébrolésé : quand, comment ?

Neurophysiological tests in children brain injured: when, how?

  • Enseignement Supérieur en Réanimation Pédiatrique
  • Médecin
  • Published:
Réanimation

Résumé

Les explorations neurophysiologiques complètent l’évaluation clinique et radiologique d’un enfant cérébrolésé. Leur intérêt est à la fois diagnostique, quand il s’agit de mettre en évidence des crises convulsives ou une mort encéphalique pour l’électroencéphalogramme (EEG) ou d’évaluer une dysfonction du tronc cérébral pour les potentiels évoqués (PE) auditifs précoces, et pronostique pour prédire un mauvais devenir neurologique dans les comas anoxiques. À la phase aiguë d’un traumatisme crânien grave (TCG) et d’une méningite, il est utile de reconnaître et de traiter des convulsions ; néanmoins, la fréquence des états épileptiques non convulsifs est importante et variable selon les études (de 7 à 48 %). Bien que lourdes et coûteuses, les techniques d’EEG continues pourraient en améliorer la détection. D’où le développement de techniques d’EEG d’amplitude, dont l’intérêt reste encore à préciser en pédiatrie. Concernant le pronostic, certains tracés EEG comme des burst-suppression, un tracé nul ou un état de mal convulsif sont considérés comme mauvais. La valeur prédictive des EEG reste limitée et inférieure à celle des PE somesthésiques (PES). Les PES ont une excellente valeur prédictive dans les comas anoxiques de l’adulte et de l’enfant (de 94 à 100 %, selon les études), surtout en combinaison avec l’évaluation des réflexes pupillaires et des réponses motrices après 48 heures. En revanche, la prédiction d’un devenir neurologique favorable est moins performante. Pour les TCG et les méningites, la performance des PES est moins bonne. L’étude des PE cognitifs ou négativité de discordance (MMN) pourrait améliorer la prédiction du réveil.

Abstract

Neurophysiological tests complete clinical and radiological assessments in brain-injured children. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is clearly helpful to diagnose seizures and brain death while auditory evoked potentials (EP) to assess brainstem dysfunction and predict poor neurological outcome in post-anoxic coma. During the acute phase of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and bacterial meningitis, early recognition and treatment of convulsive seizures is essential. The incidence of non-convulsive seizures remains, however, high, varying between 7 and 48%. Although costly and time consuming, continuous EEG monitoring techniques may allow improving seizure detection. Therefore, amplitude integrated EEG techniques have been developed; however, they still require assessment in paediatrics. Some EEG patterns are indicative of a final bad outcome, including burst suppression, isoelectric pattern, and status epilepticus. EEG predictive value remains limited and less useful than somatosensory EP (SEP). SEP have excellent predictive value in post-anoxic coma in adults as well as in children (94 to 100%), especially in combination to pupillary reflexes and motor responses assessed after 48 h. In contrast, their predictive value of a good outcome is less reliable. In severe TBI and bacterial meningitis, this performance is also limited. Investigation of cognitive EP or mismatch negativity (MMN) could improve awakening prediction.

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Correspondence to E. Javouhey.

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Cet article correspond à la conférence faite par l’auteur au congrès de la SRLF 2012 dans la session : Surveillance paraclinique de l’enfant cérébrolésé.

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Javouhey, E., Manel, V. & André-Obadia, N. Les explorations neurophysiologiques chez l’enfant cérébrolésé : quand, comment ?. Réanimation 21 (Suppl 2), 347–353 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0429-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13546-011-0429-6

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