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Behavioural toxicity and respiratory distress in early life and adult stage of walking catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) under acute fluoride exposures

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Abstract

Objective

Toxicant-induced behavioural changes reflect underlying physiological deficiencies that can be utilized to predict ecological risks. The present investigation was undertaken to determine the toxic impact of sodium fluoride on the juvenile and adult size group of Clarias batrachus (Order: Siluriformes; Family: Clariidae).

Methods

To determine the LOEC, NOEC, and MATC for both size groups alongside the 96h lethal concentration (LC50), exposure concentration of sodium fluoride i.e., 180, 200, 220, 240, 260, 280, 300, 320, 340, 360 and 380 mg/l for juvenile fish and 340, 360, 380, 400, 420, 440, 460, 480, 500 and 520 mg/l for adult fish were used. The 96h (LC50) for both size groups were found to be 277.023 and 433.605 mg/l respectively. Safe-level exposures of fluoride to fish was also estimated to determine the ecological risk assessment for the fish.

Results

Ethological responses i.e., air gulping, body orientation, swimming, hyperactivity, mucus secretion, body balance, and colour and schooling tendency, etc. varied across life-stages. Adults exhibited more adaptive behavioural responses compared to juveniles with elevated exposures. Buccal and opercular movements of the exposed fish were significantly higher than the control group, with a higher oxygen consumption rate at elevated fluoride exposures.

Conclusion

Study findings highlight the potential of elevated fluoride levels in the environment to elicit varied behavioural responses in adult and early-staged fishes, thus increasing risks of disrupted adaptive capacity and the likelihood of significant mortality in the wild. Life-stage specific responses to fluoride exposures implicate under-developed organ-system, physiology and morphology in juveniles compared to adults.

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Acknowledgements

Dr Kishore Dhara gratefully acknowledges the Department of Fisheries, Aquaculture, Aquatic Resources and Fishing Harbours, Govt. of West Bengal, for allowing him to undergo research activity. The authors are grateful to the Department of Zoology, Barasat Government College, Kolkata.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Freshwater Fisheries Research and Training Centre, Government of West Bengal, Kulia, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741 235, India

    Dhara Kishore

  2. Department of Zoology, Sundarban Hazi Desarat College, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, 743611, India

    Saha Shubhajit

  3. National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Osogbo, Osun, Nigeria

    Azubuike V. Chukwuka

  4. University of Burdwan, Golapbagh, Bardhhaman, West Bengal, 713 104, India

    Saha Nimai Chandra

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  1. Dhara Kishore
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Correspondence to Azubuike V. Chukwuka.

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Kishore, D., Shubhajit, S., Chukwuka, A.V. et al. Behavioural toxicity and respiratory distress in early life and adult stage of walking catfish Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) under acute fluoride exposures. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 14, 33–46 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-021-00115-4

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