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Skeletal congenital abnormalities induced by nickel chloride hexahydrate on Balb/C albino mice embryos during organogenetic period

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Abstract

Introduction

Nickel is an essential metal, and its compounds are widely used in industry and commerce. The development of industrialization has led to increased emission of nickel into environment causing teratogenesis in the developing embryos. This study aimed to investigate the toxic and teratogenic effects of nickel on Balb/C albino mice embryos during organogenetic period.

Materials and methods

This study was carried out on forty pregnant female albino mice; they were randomly divided into four equal groups: group I (control group) received distilled water; groups II, III, and IV (experimental groups): each group contains ten mice received 46.125 mg, 92.25 mg, and 184 mg Ni/kg body weight, per day, respectively, by orogastric tube for successive 8 days started from the 6th gestational day. The extracted lived fetuses were examined externally then double-stained and prepared for skeletal examination by dissecting microscope.

Results

The numbers of live-birth pups decreased significantly (p value for comparing between control and each other group, statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05). But there was significant increase in resorption sites in all nickel-treated groups compared to control group. Total number of resorption sites in all nickel-treated groups is 28: 15 resorption sites are present at left horn and 13 in the right horn. At the same time, there was significant increase in stillbirth fetuses in group IV. Double-stained fetal skeleton showed incomplete ossification of skull bones, unossified interparietal bone, open arch of atlas, incomplete ossification of vertebrae, supernumerary lumbar rib, incomplete ossification of ribs and sternebrae, incomplete ossification of bones of forelimb, incomplete ossification of bones of hindlimb, unossified carpals, metacarpals, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges in nickel-treated groups, compared to control group.

Conclusion

Nickel results in number of skeletal congenital abnormalities indicating its teratogenic effect.

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Funding

This study has no special funding from any organization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Anatomy and Embryology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt

    Nancy Mohamed Aly El-Sekily, Ahmed El-Saeed Abou El-Fetouh Ayad, Nesrine Mostafa El-Homosany & Amal Abd El-Monsef Abou Elmagd

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  1. Nancy Mohamed Aly El-Sekily
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  2. Ahmed El-Saeed Abou El-Fetouh Ayad
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  3. Nesrine Mostafa El-Homosany
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  4. Amal Abd El-Monsef Abou Elmagd
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Correspondence to Nancy Mohamed Aly El-Sekily.

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Conflict of interest

Nancy Mohamed Aly El-Sekily, Ahmed El-Saeed Abou El-Fetouh Ayad, and Amal Abd El-Monsef Abou Elmagd declare that we have no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

The present study was approved by the Ethical guidelines of Alexandria University on laboratory animals and the national institute for the care and use of laboratory animals (NHI Publications No80-23, revised 1978). Further the Alexandria Faculty of Medicine ethical committee approval was obtained.

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El-Sekily, N.M.A., Ayad, A.ES.A.EF., El-Homosany, N.M. et al. Skeletal congenital abnormalities induced by nickel chloride hexahydrate on Balb/C albino mice embryos during organogenetic period. Toxicol. Environ. Health Sci. 12, 157–167 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00047-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13530-020-00047-5

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