Abstract
Grounded in Bandura’s (Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory, 1986) social cognitive theory of moral thought and action, we develop a conceptual model linking supervisors’ perceptions of organizational injustice and abusive supervision with moral disengagement mechanisms acting as the underlying process. Specifically, we elaborate why and how supervisors’ experiences of each type of injustice (i.e., distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) would trigger their adoption of distinctive moral disengagement mechanisms, which in turn lead to their abusive supervisory conduct. The present conceptual model sheds new light on linking organizational injustice to abusive supervision from a moral perspective. In addition, it also provides important theoretical and managerial implications to our current understanding of why and how abusive supervision happens.

References
Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic.
Aquino, K., & Lamertz, K. (2004). A relational model of workplace victimization: social roles and patterns of victimization in dyadic relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6), 1023–1034.
Aquino, K. F., Reed, A., II, Thau, S., & Freeman, D. (2007). A grotesque and dark beauty: how moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 385–392.
Aryee, S., Chen, Z. X., Sun, L. Y., & Debrah, Y. A. (2007). Antecedents and outcomes of abusive supervision: Test of a trickle-down model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 191–201.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: a social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.
Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46, 27–46.
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.
Bandura, A. (2002). Selective moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Moral Education, 31(2), 101–119.
Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364–374.
Bandura, A., Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., & Regalia, C. (2001). Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing transgressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 125–135.
Barsky, A. (2011). Investigating the effects of moral disengagement and participation on unethical work behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 104, 59–75.
Bell, C. M., & Khoury, C. (2011). Organizational de/humanization, deindividuation, anomie, and in/justice. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on organizational justice and ethics (pp. 167–197). Charlotte: IAP Inc.
Bies, R. J. (2001). Interactional (in)justice: the sacred and the profane. In R. Cropanzano & J. Greenberg (Eds.), Advances in organizational justice (pp. 89–118). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Bobocel, D. R., & Zdaniuk, A. (2005). How can explanations be used to foster organizational justice? In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 469–498). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Brown, M. E., & Mitchell, M. S. (2010). Ethical and unethical leadership: Exploring new avenues for future research. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20, 583–616.
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: a review and future directions. Leadership Quarterly, 17, 595–616.
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: a social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134.
Colquitt, J. A. (2001). On the dimensionality of organizational justice: a construct validation of a measure. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 386–400.
Colquitt, J. A., Conlon, D. E., Wesson, M. J., Porter, C. O. L. H., & Ng, K. Y. (2001). Justice at the millennium: a meta-analytic review of 25 years of organizational justice research. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 425–445.
Colquitt, J. A., Scott, B. A., Rodell, J. B., Long, D. M., Zapata, C. P., Conlon, D. E., & Wesson, M. J. (2013). Justice at the millennium, a decade later: a meta-analytic test of social exchange and affect-based perspectives. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98, 199–236.
Cropanzano, R., & Byrne, Z. S. (2001). When it’s time to stop writing policies: an inquiry into procedural injustice. Human Resource Management Review, 11, 31–54.
Cropanzano, R., & Stein, J. H. (2009). Organizational justice and behavioral ethics: Promises and prospects. Business Ethics Quarterly, 19, 193–233.
Cropanzano, R., Byrne, Z. S., Bobocel, D. R., & Rupp, D. E. (2001). Moral virtues, fairness heuristics, social identities, and other denizens of organizational justice. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 164–209.
Cropanzano, R., Prehar, C. A., & Chen, P. Y. (2002). Using social exchange theory to distinguish procedural from interactional justice. Group & Organization Management, 27, 324–351.
Cullen, J. B., Parboteeah, K. P., & Victor, B. (2003). The effects of ethical climates on organizational commitment: a two-study analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 46, 127–141.
Duffy, M. K., Scott, K. L., Shaw, J. D., Tepper, B. J., & Aquino, K. (2012). A social context model of envy and social undermining. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 643–666.
Folger, R. (1998). Fairness as moral virtue. In M. Schminke (Ed.), Managerial ethics: moral management of people and processes (pp. 13–34). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Folger, R. (2001). Fairness as deonance. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Theoretical and cultural perspectives on organizational justice (pp. 3–34). Greenwich: Information Age.
Folger, R., Cropanzano, R., & Goldman, B. (2005). What is the relationship between justice and morality? In J. Greenberg & J. A. Colquitt (Eds.), Handbook of organizational justice (pp. 215–245). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Greenbaum, R. L., Mawritz, M. B., Mayer, D. M., & Priesemuth, M. (in press). To act out, to withdraw, or to constructively resist? Employee reactions to supervisor abuse of customers and the moderating role of employee moral identity. Human Relations, doi:10.1177/0018726713482992.
Greenberg, J. (1993a). The social side of fairness: Interpersonal and informational classes of organizational justice. In R. Cropanzano (Ed.), Justice in the workplace: Approaching fairness in human resource management (pp. 79–103). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Greenberg, J. (1993b). Stealing in the name of justice: Informational and interpersonal moderators of theft reactions to underpayment inequity. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 54, 81–103.
Greenberg, J. (2007). Social comparison processes in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 22–41.
Harvey, P., Stoner, J., Hochwarter, W., & Kacmar, C. (2007). Coping with abusive supervision: the neutralizing effects of ingratiation and positive affect on negative employee outcomes. Leadership Quarterly, 18, 264–280.
Hoobler, J. M., & Hu, J. (2013). A model of injustice, abusive supervision, and negative affect. Leadership Quarterly, 24, 256–269.
Konovsky, M. A. (2000). Understanding procedural justice and its impact on business organizations. Journal of Management, 26, 489–511.
Kulik, C. T. (2011). Five things I know for sure about organizational justice (and many more things I am not sure about). In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, & D. P. Skarlicki (Eds.), Emerging perspectives on organizational justice and ethics (pp. 261–276). Charlotte: IAP Inc.
Lee, H., & Elkins, T. (2013). Sympathy and anger: the role of attributions in emotional responses to abusive supervision. Research on Emotion in Organizations, 9, 53–67.
Leventhal, G. S. (1980). What should be done with equity theory? New approaches to the the study of fairness in social relationships. In K. Gergen, M. Greenberg, & R. Willis (Eds.), Social exchange: Advances in theory and research (pp. 27–55). New York: Plenum Press.
Lian, H., Ferris, D. L., & Brown, D. J. (2012). Does power distance exacerbate or mitigate the effects of abusive supervision? It depends on the outcome. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97, 107–123.
Liu, Y., Lam, L. W., & Loi, R. (2012a). Ethical leadership and workplace deviance: the role of moral disengagement. In W. H. Mobley, Y. Wang, & M. Li (Eds.), Advances in global leadership (Vol. 7, pp. 37–56). Bingley: Emerald.
Liu, D., Liao, H., & Loi, R. (2012b). The dark side of leadership: a three-level investigation of the cascading effect of abusive supervision on employee creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 55, 1187–1212.
Loi, R., Yang, J., & Diefendorff, J. (2009). Four-factor justice and daily job satisfaction: a multilevel investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 770–781.
Loi, R., Lam, L. W., & Chan, K. W. (2012). Coping with job insecurity: the role of procedural justice, ethical leadership and power distance orientation. Journal of Business Ethics, 108, 361–372.
Martinko, M. J., Harvey, P., Brees, J. R., & Mackey, J. (2013). A review of abusive supervision research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34, 120–137.
Mayer, D., Kuenzi, M., Greenbaum, R., Bardes, M., & Salvador, R. (2009). How low does ethical leadership flow? Test of a trickle-down model. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 1–13.
Moore, D. A. (2007). Not so above average after all: when people believe they are worse than average and its implications for theories of bias in social comparison. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 102, 42–58.
Patient, D. L., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2005). Why managers don’t always do the right thing when delivering bad news. In S. W. Gilliland, D. D. Steiner, D. P. Skarlicki, & K. Van den Bos (Eds.), What motivates fairness in organizations? (pp. 149–178). Greenwich: IAP Inc.
Rafferty, A. E., Restubog, S. L. D., & Jimmieson, N. L. (2010). Losing sleep: Examining the cascading effects of supervisors’ experience of injustice on subordinates’ psychological health. Work & Stress, 24, 36–55.
Rhode, D. L. (2006). Where is the leadership in moral leadership? In D. L. Rhode (Ed.), Moral leadership: the theory and practice of power, judgment, and policy (pp. 1–53). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Scott, B. A., Colquitt, J. A., & Paddock, E. L. (2009). An actor-focused model of justice rule adherence and violation: the role of managerial motives and discretion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 756–769.
Shao, R., Rupp, D. E., Skarlicki, D. P., & Jones, K. S. (2013). Employee justice across cultures: a meta-analytical review. Journal of Management, 39, 263–301.
Shapiro, D. L. (1991). The effects of explanations on negative reactions to deceit. Administrative Science Quarterly, 36, 614–630.
Shaw, J. C., Wild, E., & Colquitt, J. A. (2003). To justify or excuse? A meta-analytical review of the effects of explanations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 444–458.
Shepelak, N. J., & Alwin, D. F. (1986). Beliefs about inequality and perceptions of distributive justice. American Sociological Review, 51, 30–46.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in the workplace: the roles of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82, 434–443.
Skitka, L. J. (2009). Exploring the “Lost and Found” of justice theory and research. Social Justice Research, 22, 98–116.
Tepper, B. J. (2000). Consequences of abusive supervision. Academy of Management Journal, 43, 178–190.
Tepper, B. J. (2007). Abusive supervision in work organizations: Review, synthesis, and research agenda. Journal of Management, 33, 261–289.
Tepper, B. J. (2008). Abusive supervision and subordinates’ organization deviance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 721–732.
Tepper, B. J., Duffy, M. K., Henle, C. A., & Lambert, L. S. (2006). Procedural injustice, victim precipitation, and abusive supervision. Personnel Psychology, 59, 101–123.
Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., Lockhart, D. E., & Carr, J. C. (2007). Abusive supervision, upward maintenance communication, and subordinates’ psychological distress. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 1169–1180.
Tepper, B. J., Moss, S. E., & Duffy, M. K. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision: Supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal, 54, 279–294.
Ünal, A. F., Warren, D. E., & Chen, C. C. (2012). The normative foundations of unethical supervision in organizations. Journal of Business Ethics, 107, 5–19.
Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The organizational bases of ethical work climate. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33, 101–125.
Wright, C. S. (2013). Developing ethical leaders: is there inconsistency between theory and practice? Journal of Human Values, 19, 29–38.
Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluative essay on current conceptions of effective leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, 33–48.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Loi, R., Xu, A.J. & Liu, Y. Abuse in the name of injustice: mechanisms of moral disengagement. Asian J Bus Ethics 4, 57–72 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-015-0043-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13520-015-0043-1