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A system dynamics approach for examining mechanisms and pathways of food supply vulnerability

Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences volume 5, pages 321–336 (2015)Cite this article

Abstract

Understanding vulnerabilities in complex and interdependent modern food systems requires a whole-system perspective. This paper demonstrates how one systems approach, system dynamics, can help conceptualize the mechanisms and pathways by which food systems can be affected by disturbances. We describe the process of creating stock-and-flow maps and causal loop diagrams from the graphical representation of a problem and illustrate their use for making links and feedback among the human health, food, and environmental health sectors visible. These mapping tools help structure thinking about where and how particular systems might be affected by different disturbances and how flows of material and information transmit the effects of disturbances throughout the system. The visual representations as well as the process of creating them can serve different purposes for different stakeholders: developing research questions, identifying policy leverage points, or building collaboration among people in different parts of the system. They can serve as a transition between mental models and formal simulation models, but they also stand on their own to support diagrammatic reasoning: clarifying assumptions, structuring a problem space, or identifying unexpected implications of an unplanned disturbance or an intentional policy intervention. The diagrams included here show that vulnerability of a national food system does not only or automatically result from exogenous shocks that might affect a country. Rather, vulnerability can be either intensified or reduced by the interaction of feedback loops in the food system, and buffered or amplified by the structure of stocks and flows.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the students in the 2013/2014 cohort of the European Master in System Dynamics program for their contributions to an initial version of the expanded stock and flow structure (Fig. 4). One of the authors (BK) was supported by the Norwegian Research Council through the project “Simulation based tools for linking knowledge with action to improve and maintain food security in Africa” (contract number 217931/F10). The views and conclusions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Norwegian Research Council. We also thank the editors of this special issue for initiating the symposium discussion of vulnerability and resilience in modern food systems and for their valuable feedback on this paper.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental and Public Affairs, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 89154-4030, USA

    Krystyna A. Stave

  2. System Dynamics Group, Department of Geography, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, 5020, Bergen, Norway

    Birgit Kopainsky

Authors
  1. Krystyna A. Stave
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  2. Birgit Kopainsky
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Correspondence to Krystyna A. Stave or Birgit Kopainsky.

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Stave, K.A., Kopainsky, B. A system dynamics approach for examining mechanisms and pathways of food supply vulnerability. J Environ Stud Sci 5, 321–336 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0289-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-015-0289-x

Keywords

  • Causal loop diagram
  • Conceptual models
  • Dynamic complexity
  • Modern industrialized food systems
  • Stock-and-flow diagram
  • Systems mapping
  • Structural insights

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