Abstract
Objectives
We aimed to assess atrial conduction time and P-wave dispersion (PWD) in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients.
Methods
Thirty patients with GDM and 30 healthy pregnant women were included to the study. Atrial conduction times (PA) were calculated by the time interval from the onset of the P wave on the electrocardiography (ECG) to the onset of the late diastolic flow (Am wave) on echocardiography and from the lateral mitral annulus (PA lateral), septal mitral annulus (PA septum), and right ventricular tricuspid annulus (PA tricuspid). The difference between (PA lateral-PA tricuspid) was defined as interatrial electromechanical delay (EMD); the difference between (PA septum-PA tricuspid) as intra-atrial EMD; and the difference between (PA lateral-PA septal) as intraleft atrial EMD.
Results
Mean PWD was higher in GDM (52.7 ± 5.1 ms vs. 28.9 ± 4.2 ms, p < 0.001). PA lateral, PA septal and PA tricuspid were significantly higher in the GDM patients compared to the control group (65.7 ± 4.2 ms vs. 47.7 ± 4.7 ms, p < 0.001; 56.1 ± 3.4 ms vs. 40.8 ± 3.7 ms, p < 0.001 and 48.4 ± 3.9 ms vs. 36.0 ± 3.6 ms, p < 0.001, respectively). Interatrial, intra-atrial, and intraleft atrial EMDs were also significantly higher in the GDM group (median values: 18 ms vs. 12 ms; 10 ms vs 7.5 ms; 8 ms vs. 4 ms, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). There was a positive correlation between intra-atrial delay time and PWD in GDM group (r = 0.39, p = 0.033).
Conclusion
We suggest that patients with GDM have higher PWD and higher atrial conduction and EMD times compared to otherwise healthy pregnant control group.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baz B, Riveline J-P, Gautier J-F. Gestational diabetes mellitus: definition, aetiological and clinical aspects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;174(2):R43-51.
Saravanan P, et al. Gestational diabetes: opportunities for improving maternal and child health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(9):793–800.
Li J-W, et al. Association of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with subclinical atherosclerosis: a systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14(1):1–9.
Göbl CS, et al. Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction in relation to impaired carbohydrate metabolism following pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014;13(1):1–9.
Li J, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in women with prior gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;140:324–38.
Papazoglou AS, et al. Glycemic control and atrial fibrillation: an intricate relationship, yet under investigation. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):1–12.
Mahfouz Badran H, et al. Relation of atrial electromechanical delay to P-wave dispersion on surface ECG using vector velocity imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2021;26(1): e12801.
Yenercag M, et al. Evaluation of P-wave dispersion in patients with newly diagnosed coronavirus disease 2019. J Cardiovasc Med. 2021;22(3):197–203.
Şahin M, Cömert AD, Kutlu M. Evaluation of atrial fibrillation risk in patients with vasovagal syncope. Herz. 2022;47(1):79–84.
Mezal RJ, El Rasyid H. Arrhythmia mechanism on diabetes mellitus: a narrative review. Bioscientia Medicina: Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research. 2022;6(5):1764–72.
American Diabetes Association; 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes—2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44 (Supplement_1):S15–33. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc21-S002
Metzger BE, et al. International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(3):676–82.
Quiñones MA, et al. Recommendations for quantification of Doppler echocardiography: a report from the Doppler quantification task force of the nomenclature and standards committee of the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2002;15(2):167–84.
Chen P, et al. Risk factors and management of gestational diabetes. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2015;71(2):689–94.
Plows JF, et al. The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(11):3342.
Archambault C, Arel R, Filion KB. Gestational diabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease: a scoping review. Open Med. 2014;8(1):e1-9.
Pallisgaard JL, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation in diabetes mellitus: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(6):621–7.
Demir K, et al. Assessment of atrial electromechanical delay and P-wave dispersion in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiol. 2016;67(4):378–83.
Zhang X, et al. Evaluation of P wave dispersion and tissue Doppler imaging for predicting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension. Heart Surg Forum. 2018;21(1):E054-e058.
Guler H, et al. P wave dispersion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: its relation with clinical and echocardiographic parameters. Rheumatol Int. 2007;27(9):813–8.
Cansel M, Yagmur J, Taşolar H, Karincaoglu Y, Ermis N, Acikgoz N, Bayramoglu A, Otlu O, Eyyüpkoca F, Pekdemir H, Ozdemir R. Assessment of atrial conduction time in patients with Behçet’s disease. Acta Reumatol Port. 2014;39(1):29–36.
Dogdu O, et al. Assessment of atrial conduction time in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Investig Med. 2011;59(2):281–6.
Acar G, et al. Assessment of atrial electromechanical coupling characteristics in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Echocardiography. 2009;26(5):549–57.
Arslan D, et al. P-wave duration and dispersion in children with uncomplicated familial Mediterranean fever. Mod Rheumatol. 2013;23(6):1166–71.
Cosgun M, et al. P-wave duration and dispersion in lone obesity. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2021;30(5):567–70.
Wang W, Zhang F, Xhen J, Chen X, Fu F, Tang M, Chen L (2014) P-wave dispersion and maximum duration are independently associated with insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome. In Annales d'endocrinologie 75(3):156–61. Elsevier Masson. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2014.05.004
Kraikriangsri C, Khositseth A, Kuptanon T. P-wave dispersion as a simple tool for screening childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med. 2019;54:159–63.
Lavery J, et al. Gestational diabetes in the United States: temporal changes in prevalence rates between 1979 and 2010. BJOG An In J Obstetrics & Gynaecol. 2017;124(5):804–13.
Glass CK, Olefsky JM. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2012;15(5):635–45.
Ying W, et al. The role of macrophages in obesity-associated islet inflammation and β-cell abnormalities. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(2):81–90.
Aktas G, et al. Association between omentin levels and insulin resistance in pregnancy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2014;122(03):163–6.
Mor G, et al. Inflammation and pregnancy: the role of the immune system at the implantation site. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1221(1):80–7.
Hauguel-de Mouzon S, Guerre-Millo M. The placenta cytokine network and inflammatory signals. Placenta. 2006;27(8):794–8.
Pantham P, Aye ILH, Powell TL. Inflammation in maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus. Placenta. 2015;36(7):709–15.
Yu Z, et al. IL-37 and 38 signalling in gestational diabetes. J Reprod Immunol. 2017;124:8–14.
Sincer I, et al. Association of mean platelet volume and red blood cell distribution width with coronary collateral development in stable coronary artery disease. Advances in Interventional Cardiology/Postępy w Kardiologii Interwencyjnej. 2018;14(3):263–9.
Cosgun M, et al. The comparison of complete blood count parameters between acute and chronic peripheral arterial disease. Medicine. 2022;11(1):111–5.
Sincer I, et al. Differential value of eosinophil count in acute coronary syndrome among elderly patients. Aging Male. 2020;23(5):958–61.
Aviles RJ, et al. Inflammation as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003;108(24):3006–10.
Hu Y-F, et al. Inflammation and the pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12(4):230–43.
Harada M, Van Wagoner DR, Nattel S. Role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation pathophysiology and management. Circ J. 2015;79(3):495–502.
Lazzerini PE, Capecchi PL, Laghi-Pasini F. Long QT syndrome: an emerging role for inflammation and immunity. Frontiers in ardiovasc Med. 2015;2:26.
Acampa M, et al. P wave dispersion and silent atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke: the pathogenic role of inflammation. Cardiovasc Haematol Disorders-Drug Targets Formerly Curr Drug Targets-Cardiovascular Hematol Disord. 2019;19(3):249–52.
Akyel A, et al. Atrial electromechanical delay in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2014;126(3–4):101–5.
Fu H, et al. Impaired atrial electromechanical function and atrial fibrillation promotion in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. Cardiol J. 2013;20(1):59–67.
Kato T, et al. What are arrhythmogenic substrates in diabetic rat atria? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17(8):890–4.
Watanabe M, et al. Conduction and refractory disorders in the diabetic atrium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2012;303(1):H86-95.
Li B, Pan Y, Li X. Type 2 diabetes induces prolonged P-wave duration without left atrial enlargement. J Korean Med Sci. 2016;31(4):525–34.
Mahfouz RA, et al. Atrial electromechanical delay, and left ventricular strain in pre-diabetic patients. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine. 2017;14:1–5.
Aldhoon B, et al. New insights into mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Physiol Res. 2010;59(1):1–12.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Informed consent
The investigation complied with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants gave written informed consent before taking.
Ethics approval
From the local ethics committee (2018/177).
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Kok, Z., Sincer, I., Günes, Y. et al. Assessment of atrial conduction time and P-wave dispersion in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 43, 538–543 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01136-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-022-01136-6