Abstract
The utilization of natural deep eutectic solvents in the extraction of lignin presents a promising sustainable approach for biorefineries. While lignin extracted with NADES has been utilized in various applications, there is a lack of research on its potential for CO2 adsorption. This article aims to assess the potential of CO2 adsorption on lignin extracted with NADES. In this work, lignin was studied, and their properties were analyzed using analytical techniques such as FTIR, XRD, TGA, SEM, BET, and particle size analysis. The gravimetric adsorption method was employed to evaluate the CO2 adsorption capacity of lignin. Thermal analysis showed broader decomposition at 416.45 °C, suggesting potential suitability for exploration of CO2 adsorption. The lignin exhibited high selectivity towards CO2 at an adsorption capacity of 75 mg/g at 30 bar. Lignin exhibited Type-II adsorption isotherm which indicates existence of multilayer adsorption. CO2 adsorption performance agrees well with BET and SEM results, revealing low surface area in the NADES extracted lignin and dense-like structure. It also showed good stability after 10 adsorption/desorption cycles. The overall results of this study suggests that the lignin extracted with NADES has the potential for application in CO2 adsorption that requires further exploration.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Schutyser W et al (2018) Chemicals from lignin: an interplay of lignocellulose fractionation, depolymerisation, and upgrading. Chem Soc Rev 47(3):852–908
Ragauskas AJ et al (2014) Lignin valorization: improving lignin processing in the biorefinery. Science 344(6185):1246843
Supanchaiyamat N et al (2019) Lignin materials for adsorption: current trend, perspectives and opportunities. Biores Technol 272:570–581
Liu Y et al (2018) Natural deep eutectic solvents: properties, applications, and perspectives. J Nat Prod 81(3):679–690
Aydemir D et al (2024) Lignin activated carbon obtained by a environmentally friendly green production process using deep eutectic solvents. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 18(1):251–264
Hou X-D et al (2017) Significantly enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw via a high-performance two-stage deep eutectic solvents synergistic pretreatment. Biores Technol 238:139–146
Procentese A et al (2015) Deep eutectic solvent pretreatment and subsequent saccharification of corncob. Biores Technol 192:31–36
Kumar AK, Parikh BS, Pravakar M (2016) Natural deep eutectic solvent mediated pretreatment of rice straw: bioanalytical characterization of lignin extract and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass residue. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:9265–9275
Alvarez-Vasco C et al (2016) Unique low-molecular-weight lignin with high purity extracted from wood by deep eutectic solvents (DES): a source of lignin for valorization. Green Chem 18(19):5133–5141
Fu X et al (2021) Natural deep eutectic solvent enhanced pulse-ultrasonication assisted extraction as a multi-stability protective and efficient green strategy to extract anthocyanin from blueberry pomace. Lwt 144:111220
Petrochenko AA et al (2023) Natural deep eutectic solvents for the extraction of triterpene saponins from Aralia elata var. mandshurica (Rupr. & Maxim.) J. Wen. Molecules 28(8):3614
Duru KC et al (2022) An eco-friendly approach to enhance the extraction and recovery efficiency of isoflavones from kudzu roots and soy molasses wastes using ultrasound-assisted extraction with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). Ind Crops Prod 182:114886
Aryati WD et al (2020) Natural deep eutectic solvents ultrasound-assisted extraction (NADES-UAE) of trans-cinnamaldehyde and coumarin from cinnamon bark [Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume]. J Res Pharm 24:389–398
Li C et al (2015) Catalytic transformation of lignin for the production of chemicals and fuels. Chem Rev 115(21):11559–11624
Liu W-J, Jiang H, Yu H-Q (2015) Thermochemical conversion of lignin to functional materials: a review and future directions. Green Chem 17(11):4888–4907
Demirbas A (2008) Heavy metal adsorption onto agro-based waste materials: a review. J Hazard Mater 157(2–3):220–229
Varghese AM, Karanikolos GN (2020) CO2 capture adsorbents functionalized by amine–bearing polymers: a review. Int J Greenh Gas Control 96:103005
Wang Q et al (2011) CO2 capture by solid adsorbents and their applications: current status and new trends. Energy Environ Sci 4(1):42–55
González A et al (2013) Sustainable biomass-based carbon adsorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture. Chem Eng J 230:456–465
He J, Chen JP (2014) A comprehensive review on biosorption of heavy metals by algal biomass: materials, performances, chemistry, and modeling simulation tools. Biores Technol 160:67–78
Mohan D et al (2014) Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, a renewable, low cost and sustainable adsorbent–a critical review. Biores Technol 160:191–202
Rita K (2012) Adsorption of dye eosin from an aqueous solution on two different samples of activated carbon by static batch method. J Water Resour Prot 4:93–98
Rehman MSU, Kim I, Han J-I (2012) Adsorption of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution by sugar extracted spent rice biomass. Carbohyd Polym 90(3):1314–1322
Zhang B et al (2017) Adsorption properties of ion recognition rice straw lignin on PdCl42−: equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism. Colloids Surf, A 514:260–268
Zhang B et al (2018) Adsorption of AuCl 4− from acidic chloride solution by chemically modified lignin based on rice straw. Macromol Res 26:121–127
Ge Y, Song Q, Li Z (2015) A Mannich base biosorbent derived from alkaline lignin for lead removal from aqueous solution. J Ind Eng Chem 23:228–234
Mahmoudi K et al (2012) Adsorption of methyl orange using activated carbon prepared from lignin by ZnCl2 treatment. Russ J Phys Chem A 86(8):1294–1300
Zhang S et al (2016) Adsorption of methylene blue on organosolv lignin from rice straw. Procedia Environ Sci 31:3–11
Cotoruelo LM et al (2012) Adsorbent ability of lignin-based activated carbons for the removal of p-nitrophenol from aqueous solutions. Chem Eng J 184:176–183
Kriaa A, Hamdi N, Srasra E (2011) Adsorption studies of methylene blue dye on tunisian activated lignin. Russ J Phys Chem A 85(2):279–287
Fouda-Mbanga B, Prabakaran E, Pillay K (2021) Carbohydrate biopolymers, lignin based adsorbents for removal of heavy metals (Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+) from wastewater, regeneration and reuse for spent adsorbents including latent fingerprint detection: a review. Biotechnol Rep 30:e00609
Janjhi FA, Castro-Muñoz R, Boczkaj G (2023) Deep eutectic solvents–ideal solution for clean air or hidden danger?. Sep Purif Technol 123590
Primo A et al (2012) From biomass wastes to highly efficient CO2 adsorbents: graphitisation of chitosan and alginate biopolymers. Chemsuschem 5(11):2207–2214
Zhao B et al (2021) Lignin-based porous supraparticles for carbon capture. ACS Nano 15(4):6774–6786
Iqbal N et al (2016) In situ synthesis of carbon nanotube doped metal–organic frameworks for CO 2 capture. RSC Adv 6(6):4382–4386
Castro-Muñoz R et al (2022) A new relevant membrane application: CO2 direct air capture (DAC). Chem Eng J 446:137047
Meraj A, Jawaid M, Singh SP, Nasef MM, Ariffin H, Fouad H, Abu-Jdayil B (2024) Isolation and characterisation of lignin using natural deep eutectic solvents pretreated kenaf fibre biomass. Sci Rep 14(1):8672
Dai Y et al (2013) Natural deep eutectic solvents as new potential media for green technology. Anal Chim Acta 766:61–68
Francisco M et al (2013) A new low transition temperature mixture (LTTM) formed by choline chloride+ lactic acid: characterization as solvent for CO2 capture. Fluid Phase Equilib 340:77–84
Tappi T (2002) 222 om-02: Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp. 2002–2003 TAPPI Test Methods
Segal L et al (1959) An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the X-ray diffractometer. Text Res J 29(10):786–794
Fujii T, Nakagawa S, Sato Y, Inomata H, Hashida T (2010) Sorption characteristics of CO2 on rocks and minerals in storing CO2 processes. Nat Res 1(01):1
Schell J et al (2012) Pure and binary adsorption of CO 2, H 2, and N 2 on activated carbon. Adsorption 18:49–65
Song Y et al (2020) A novel aqueous gallic acid-based natural deep eutectic solvent for delignification of hybrid poplar and enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of treated pulp. Cellulose 27:8301–8315
Xu M et al (2019) Structural characterization and antioxidant activity of milled wood lignin from xylose residue and corncob. Polymers 11(12):2092
dos Santos PS et al (2014) Characterisation of Kraft lignin separated by gradient acid precipitation. Ind Crops Prod 55:149–154
Wang H et al (2020) Understanding the structural changes of lignin in poplar following steam explosion pretreatment. Holzforschung 74(3):275–285
Sun R et al (1999) Fractionation and characterization of ball-milled and enzyme lignins from abaca fibre. J Sci Food Agric 79(8):1091–1098
Sun R et al (2000) Delignification of maize stems by peroxymonosulfuric acid, peroxyformic acid, peracetic acid, and hydrogen peroxide. 1. physicochemical and structural characterization of the solubilized lignins. J Agric Food Chem 48(4):1253–1262
Singh SK, Matsagar BM, Dhepe PL (2024) Lignocellulosic biomass analysis: acidic lignin recovery, characterisation, and depolymerisation. Biomass Conv Biorefinery 14(4):5239–5249
Watkins D, Nuruddin M, Hosur M, Tcherbi-Narteh A, Jeelani S (2015) Extraction and characterization of lignin from different biomass resources. J Market Res 4(1):26–32
Xiong S-J et al (2022) Fractionation of technical lignin and its application on the lignin/poly-(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) bio-composites. Int J Biol Macromol 209:1065–1074
Nazimudheen G et al (2021) Physiochemical characterization and thermal kinetics of lignin recovered from sustainable agrowaste for bioenergy applications. Int J Hydrogen Energy 46(6):4798–4807
Yeo JY et al (2019) Comparative studies on the pyrolysis of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin based on combined kinetics. J Energy Inst 92(1):27–37
Mousavioun P, Doherty WO (2010) Chemical and thermal properties of fractionated bagasse soda lignin. Ind Crops Prod 31(1):52–58
Lin Y-C et al (2009) Kinetics and mechanism of cellulose pyrolysis. J Phys Chem C 113(46):20097–20107
Kim J-Y et al (2013) Structural features and thermal degradation properties of various lignin macromolecules obtained from poplar wood (Populus albaglandulosa). Polym Degrad Stab 98(9):1671–1678
Wang S et al (2009) Comparison of the pyrolysis behavior of lignins from different tree species. Biotechnol Adv 27(5):562–567
Nadji H et al (2009) Comparative study of lignins isolated from Alfa grass (Stipa tenacissima L.). Bioresource Technol 100(14):3585–3592
Sun R, Lu Q, Sun X (2001) Physico-chemical and thermal characterization of lignins from Caligonum monogoliacum and Tamarix spp. Polym Degrad Stab 72(2):229–238
Fernandes D et al (2006) Thermal and photochemical stability of poly (vinyl alcohol)/modified lignin blends. Polym Degrad Stab 91(5):1192–1201
Vallejos ME, Felissia FE, Curvelo AADS, Zambon MD, Ramos LA, Area MC (2011) Chemical and physico-chemical characterization of lignins obtained from the ethanol-water fractionation of bagasse. BioRes 6(2):1158–1171
Liu Y et al (2014) Study on biodegradation process of lignin by FTIR and DSC. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:14004–14013
Juikar SJ, Vigneshwaran N (2017) Extraction of nanolignin from coconut fibers by controlled microbial hydrolysis. Ind Crops Prod 109:420–425
Funding
We appreciate the funds provided for this project by the Universiti Putra Malaysia under Putra Grant GP-IPS/2021/9698100.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AM: methodology, formal analysis, experimental setup, conceptualization, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing; MJ: supervision, investigation, validation, conceptualization, resources, writing—review and editing; MMN: supervision, investigation, validation, conceptualization, writing—review and editing, resources; NAM: writing—review and editing; SPS: supervision, writing—review and editing; HA: supervision, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Meraj, A., Jawaid, M., Nasef, M.M. et al. Exploring the potential of lignin extracted with natural deep eutectic solvents for adsorption of carbon dioxide. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05731-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05731-x