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Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. almonds nutritional potential: Evidence from proximate composition, mineral, antioxidant activity, and lipid profiling reveals a great potential for valorization

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Abstract

Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. (Z. lotus) is used in Morocco for various purposes such as nutrition, health, and cosmetics. Its fruits are eaten fresh and Z. lotus almonds (ZLA) are underutilized biomass and usually considered as waste left after fruit consumption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional potential of nine Moroccan origins of ZLA. They were subjected to proximate composition, elemental, fatty acid, and sterol oil profiling, total flavonoid (TFC), phenolic content (TPC), condensed tannins (CT), and antioxidant activity (AA). As findings, significant differences were observed in ZLA-measured traits according to geographical origin. ZLA had important energy value (439.31 ± 6.55–494.24 ± 0.67 kcal/100 g) associated to ash (3.77 ± 0.09–9.62 ± 0.48%), oil content (26.22 ± 0.15–31.04 ± 0.19%), proteins (26.18 ± 0.01–31.20 ± 0.03%), and carbohydrates (28.29 ± 0.60–38.94 ± 0.02%). Major macro-elements were K (5581.02 ± 20.66–6752.93 ± 93.62 mg/kg), P (5400.24 ± 24.60 6528.88 ± 88.45 mg/kg), Mg (1133.39 ± 38.91–3083.68 ± 68.34), and Ca (936.03 ± 17.20–2777.01 ± 4.23 mg/kg). The main fatty acids were oleic (60.00 ± 0.1–69.99 ± 0.1%), linoleic (10.66 ± 0.1–20.10 ± 0.1%), and palmitic (9.00 ± 0.1–10.22 ± 0.1%). The main sterols were β-sitosterol (65.94 ± 0.28–71.99 ± 0.82%), stigmasterol (10.96 ± 0.30–16.20 ± 0.26%), and campesterol (8.36 ± 0.10–9.52 ± 0.20%). Similar trends were observed for TPC (5.13 ± 0.08–10.33 ± 0.32 mg GAE/g DW), TFC (8.25 ± 0.20–12.66 ± 0.29 mg QE/g DW) and AA with FRAP (9.11 ± 0.04–43.67 ± 2.43 mg TE/g DW), ABTS (5.73 ± 0.01–5.92 ± 0.01 mg TE/g DW), and DPPH (46.83 ± 0.07–94.03 ± 0.00%), and CT (3.02 ± 0.38–7.05 ± 0.00 mg CE/g DW). ZLA composition was influenced by geographical origin and can be considered a new source of edible oil, proteins, minerals, and natural antioxidants.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ibn Zohr University for providing technical support in this work.

Funding

This work was performed in the frame of “Projet Valorization of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 3rd Edition and financially supported by National Agency for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants-TAOUNATE and CNRST-MOROCCO (VPMA3 2021/09)”.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology, Analytical Sciences and Quality Control Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, University Ibn Zohr, Agadir, Morocco

    Hasna Ait Bouzid, Laila Bijla, Mohamed Ibourki, Samira Oubannin, Jamal Koubachi & Said Gharby

  2. African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Laayoune, Morocco

    Mohamed Ibourki

  3. Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, Agrosciences, and Environment, Faculty of Sciences-Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, BP. 2390, 40 000, Marrakech, Morocco

    Sara Elgadi

  4. Laboratory of Biology, Ecology, and Health, FS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco

    El Hassan Sakar

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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Hasna Ait bouzid, Laila Bijla, Mohamed Ibourki, and Samira Oubannin. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Hasna Ait bouzid. Statistical analyses, investigation, and visualization, were realized by Sara Elgadi and El Hassan Sakar. Reviewing the entire manuscript and editing were carried out by Jamal Koubachi. Methodology, project administration, supervision, validation, writing, reviewing, and editing were performed by Said Gharby, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Bouzid, H.A., Bijla, L., Ibourki, M. et al. Ziziphus lotus (L.) Lam. almonds nutritional potential: Evidence from proximate composition, mineral, antioxidant activity, and lipid profiling reveals a great potential for valorization. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03984-6

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